1. Body Systems and Disorders
The Immune System
Body Systems and Disorders

2. Lymphatic System Supplements the circulatory system
Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils
There is no muscular pump or heart

3. Functions Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue
Transports excess tissue fluid
Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria

4. Lymph
Straw colored
Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
Composition of lymph
Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

5. Lymph Vessels Closely parallel the veins Right lymphatic duct
Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
Flows in only one direction

6. Lymph Nodes
Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body
When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

7. Tonsils Masses of lymphatic tissue Produce lymphocytes
Filter out bacteria

8. Tonsils Tonsillitis – Infected tonsils.
Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing; sore throat; elevated temp; chills.
Treatment – antibiotics if bacterial or in extreme cases surgery.
FYI – Tonsils get smaller in size as a person gets older.

9. Spleen Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue
Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters out bacteria
Stores red blood cells

10. Thymus Gland
Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart
Produces T-lymphocytes
It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin

11. Disorders of the Lymph System
Lymphadenitis – enlargement of the lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s disease – cancer of lymph nodes. Early symptom: painless swelling of the lymph nodes.
Treatment:
chemotherapy and
radiation.

12. Disorders of the Lymph System
Infectious mononucleosis – caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Frequently occurs in young adults & children.
Spread by oral contact –
also known as “kissing
disease.”
Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes;
fever; physical/mental fatigue. In-
crease in number of leukocytes.
Treatment: symptomatically; bed
rest. In some cases liver may be
affected and hepatitis can result.

13. Immunity
When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders
Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection

14. Immunity Resistance varies at different times Natural immunity
Immunity we are born with
Acquired immunity
Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders
Passive acquired immunity
Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies

15. AIDS/HIV A – Acquired I – Immune D – Deficiency
The disease is not inherited
I – Immune
Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections
D – Deficiency
Lacks cellular immunity

16. AIDS/HIV S – Syndrome Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells
Opportunistic infections

17. Transmission of AIDS Sexual contact Sharing hypodermic needles
In utero or at birth

18. Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS
ELISA – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an AIDS antibody indicator. Detects the antibodies for AIDS but not the virus itself.
Western blot – follow up to confirm the ELISA results.
Rapid test – test of blood or oral fluid to check for the presence of antibodies to HIV. Produces results in approx. 20 min.

19. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Flu-like symptoms – beginning stages
More persistent symptoms include – coughing; shortness of breath; seizures; mental symptoms; fever; weight loss; abd cramps; persistent diarrhea. Symptoms may not occur for 10 years after initial infection.
Opportunistic conditions – include cancers; parasitic infections; fungal infections; viral infections; higher risk for T.B. and syphilis.

20. Treatment of HIV/AIDS No cure for AIDS
Prevention and treatment have prolonged and improved the lives of many

21. Preventing Transmission of HIV/AIDS
Limit sexual contacts
Have protected sex
Do not share needles
Clean up soiled materials
Cover wounds
Standard precautions used by all health care workers

22. Medical Terminology