1. The Executive Branch
Article II

2. Powers of the President

3. Formal Powers Those powers listed in the Constitution
These powers are also called …?

4. Foreign Wars (send troops)
Shared?
Yes! Congress declares war

5. Execute laws
Shared?
No. President is chief executive.

6. Pardons and Reprieves Shared?
No. President does not need approval. (example: Ford pardons Nixon)

7. Treaties and foreign policy
Shared?
Yes. Senate approves treaties and is involved in foreign relations

8. Appoint officials Shared?
Yes. Makes his own nominations, but Senate approves.

9. Call Special Sessions
Shared?
No … but congress must attend

10. Veto Legislation Shared?
No. Only President can veto, but Congress can overturn with a 2/3 vote

11. State of the Union
Shared?
No. It is delivered to Congress.

12. In charge of army/navy
Shared?
No. President is commander-in-chief

13. Propose Budget
Shared?
Yes. Congress helps create and approve

14. Informal powers
Not specifically listed in Constitution
Also called …?

15. Ceremonies
Shared? No

16. Invite diplomats to White House
Shared?
No. Receiving diplomats is a formal power, but not the White House.

17. Shape Public Opinion Shared?
Yes … with Linkage Institutions (Media, Interest groups, Parties)

18. Persuade Others Shared?
Yes. Shared with everyone; politicians, media, IG, parties, public

19. Party Platform
Shared?
Yes, with party (determine what is important and what the party position will be on issues)

20. Set policy agenda Shared?
Yes, with other branches and linkage institutions.

21. The President’s many hats  (roles of the President)
Diplomatic
Legislative
Military
Executive
Economic
Party

22. Diplomatic Chief of State (Representative of the Nation)
Foreign Policy Leader
Make treaties and executive agreement (agreement with other nations, no Senate approval)
Welcome foreign leaders
Send foreign aid (troops, financial, etc.)
Name ambassadors
Develop foreign policy and national security
Recognize other nations
Ceremonies, symbolic events

23. Legislative Chief agenda setter Propose legislation Sign or veto bills
Invite members of Congress to the White House
Call special sessions
Set public policy and policy agenda
State of the union (outline the year’s agenda)
Bully pulpit: use office to promote programs and influence Congress to accept legislative proposals

24. Military Commander-in-chief (civilian leader of the military)
Send troops to stop riots, provide defense, combat
War making powers shared with Congress (who declares war)
Appointments (Joint Chiefs of Staff, head of CIA)
Works with Department of Defense to decide strategy during war
Decision on whether to bomb

25. Executive Chief Executive
Manages bureaucracy and executive branch (hires/fires, hold meetings)
Appoint officials, cabinet members, SCOTUS, federal judges (*senatorial courtesy – home state senators consulted before president nominates)
Grant pardons (excuse offenders for crime) and reprieves (delay enactment of penalties)
Executive order: issued to carry out law or new regulation that has same effect as law (can’t violate an existing law – Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell)
Executive Privilege: right to withhold information from Congress or refuse to testify (limited by US v. Nixon)

26. Economic
Propose Budget, Congress modifies and approves, President approves
Work with Secretary of the Treasury
Policies to handle unemployment and inflation
Propose tax cuts/increases
Meet with economic advisors
Appoint chairmen of Federal Reserve (makes decisions about interest rates and money supply)
Trade agreements

27. Party Party Leader Focus and direction for party (set platform)
Work with party leaders and Congress members to pass legislation into law
Persuade public, media, politicians, interest groups
Shape public opinion
Campaigns for party members; appears at fundraisers and events
Parties are not in the Constitution; this role is based on custom

28. How does the President use his powers and duties to check on the Legislative and Judicial branch?

29. Executive checks on Legislative
VETO POWER
Line item veto
1996 Line Item Veto Act ruled unconstitutional in Clinton v. U.S.
Setting policy agenda (influencing Congressmen, the public, State of the Union, using the media, etc.)
Call Special Session of Congress
**(Executive Order – give directive to bureaucracy without Congress passing a law)
**(Executive Agreement – make agreement with leader of another country, doesn’t need Senate approval but is not U.S. law and is not binding for other Presidents)

30. Executive checks on Judicial
Power to grant pardons and reprieves
Pardon: legal forgiveness of a crime
Reprieve: postponement of the execution of a sentence (can delay punishment)
Power to appoint justices to the SCOTUS
Important because they can nominate someone who shares their views, and they keep that appointment for life

31. Qualifications and Characteristics
The President
Qualifications and Characteristics

32. Formal Qualifications
35 years old
Natural born citizen
14 year resident
4 year term
2 term limit

33. Informal Qualifications
Background in business or public service
Political or military service
Well-educated
White, male, middle-upper class, Protestant
Married
Bachelor
Not White
Catholic

34. Modern Presidents
What defined their presidency?

35. Eisenhower
President during Brown v. Board

36. JFK
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Assassination

37. Johnson (LBJ)
Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act

38. Nixon
Out of Vietnam
Watergate

39. Ford
Pardons Nixon
Set nuclear limits

40. Carter
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Diplomatic relations (Egypt/Israel)

41. Reagan
Restores national pride
Reaganomics

42. Bush (H/Sr.)
Gulf War

43. Clinton
Impeachment
Economy improves

44. Bush (W)
9/11
Homeland Security

45. Obama
First African-American President
Troops out of Iraq