1. Health and disease signs in farm animals :-
health signs which appear on healthy animal such as :-
The eyes gloss , bright skin ,
moist nose pad , the mucous membranes uncongested , good appetite , regularity of rumination process , natural milk production , natural body temperature , regularity of (respiration rate and pulse rate ).

2. disease signs which appear on sick animal such as :-
depressed , isolated from the herd , the hair loss its gloss , dry nose pad , stopped from the eating and rumination , reduce of milk production and change milk composition , change a nature of urine , feces , body temperature and breathing , and these changes occur according to type of disease .

3. The Disease
It is changing in some tissues of the body or its functions because of infecting in the microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, Parasites , Protozoa , Fungi ) ● diseases cause significant economic losses in animal production.
● The breeder must be identify the most important signs of health and disease in animals to reduce the losses that cause by these diseases .

4. 1 - The pulse rate :-
Pulse rate :- It is expansion of the arteries walls by blood waves that will be paying by the heart in these arteries .
● the pulse rate is consider indicator for health of circulatory system .

5. The measuring places of pulse :-
1-The cow and buffalo:-From(coccygeal artery)
2-The horse , donkey and mule from
(sub-maxillary artery) under the jaw or from (temporal artery) .
3-The sheep and goat :- From (femoral artery) or( branches of radial artery) .
4-The camel :- from (coccygeal artery or
sub-maxillary artery).

6. Sub-maxillary artery

7. temporal artery Sub-maxillary artery

8. Cows and buffaloes : coccygeal artery

9. The factors which affect pulse rate :-
1- Type of animal
2 - The size and age of the animal 3 – The sex 4 - The physiological state :-
● The pulse rate increasing during the pregnancy , the move quickly and the hard work as well as in summer than winter, but soon is returned to normal state after rest period .
● The pulse rate must be regular , steady and not severe or dimmed or intermittent .

10. pulse rate in different types of animals (Number of pulse / minute )
1 – Horses – 42
2 – Cows – 70
3 – Buffaloes
4 – Camel – 40
5 – Sheep
6 – Goat
7 – Donkeys
8 – Mules
9 – Dogs
10 – Cats

11. 2 – The respiration Rate :-
● The respiration is main process occurs in the lungs consist of a double movement combines between inspiration and expiration where perform in it exchange of carbon dioxide by air-oxygen for purify the blood and renew it .
● The respiration rate is consider as indicator for healthy state for respiratory system .
● The normal respiration must be easy ,
un- intermittent and un-disordered .

12. Measure methods of respiratory rate in different animals :-
1- Notice a height and drop of (abdominal muscles , the chest and flank ) where each height and drop is consider one breathing .
2- Movements frequency of the nose wings .
3- Condensing of air expiration when it encounters cold air .

13. The factors which affecting respiration rate
1- The animal type
2- The respiration rate is increasing in hot climate .
3- The physiological state of the animal :- The Pregnancy, the body size , the movement , the agitation , the stress , gastroenteritis and the bloating .

14. 1 – Horses 8 -12 2 – Cows 15 -25 3 – Buffaloes 15 -25 4 – Camel 10 -15
Respiration rate in different types of animals (Number of breathing / minute )
1 – Horses
2 – Cows
3 – Buffaloes
4 – Camel
5 – Sheep
6 – Goat

15. 3 - The body temperature
● Body temperature consider indicator for the animal health .
●The body temperature either external or internal
● can feel in external temperature through touch by hand , folds of skin , horns , ears , teats , rump angle and others .
● The internal temperature can measure by using of medical thermometer .

16. Use method of medical thermometer:-
1 - Sterilizing of thermometer.
2 – Shake the thermometer is good to lower mercury column into the reservoir Dipping of thermometer in the oily material or vaseline or paraffin to facilitate the sliding in the anus 4-Approaching from animal and control on it in correct method .
5- Evacuate the rectum of animal from feces .
6- Enter the thermometer into the anus at a depth of (5-6) cm inside the rectum and leave it for two minutes .

17. Natural changes that occur on the temperature of the body: -
1 - The body temperature will increase slightly after the eating , training , stress, fear, disorder and after milking and in the oestrus-period and parturition The body temperature will increase in hot climate ( it will increase in the afternoon and the evening while, it will reduce in the morning) The body temperature become lesser after drinking of cold water , at rest period and drought period of the sweating after stress ..

18. Normal body temperature of different types from animals (degree Celsius) :-
1 – Horses – 38 c
2 – Cows
3 – Buffaloes 38 – 38.5
4 – Camel
5 – Sheep
6 – Goat
7 – Donkeys – 38.5
8 – Mules
9 – Dogs – 38.5
10 – Cats – 39.5
11- chicken
12 – Rabbits – 39.5

19. 4 - Examination of visible mucous membranes :-
This examination is involve the mucous membrane for lining of eye ( the conjunctiva) , the nose , the mouth , the tongue and rectum .
●Usually, the natural color of the mucous membranes in the healthy animal is bright pink free from the spots and secretions .
● if the color of mucous membranes is congested this indicate to the fever (rise of body temperature) .

20. ● if the color is yellow indicate to the diseases of liver and bile .
● if the color is pale indicate to anemia and general weakness that for some reason such internal bleeding or internal parasites .
●if the color is spotted with bloody spots (hemorrhagic) indicate to an infection of blood parasites or some cases of septicemia .

21. 5 - The skin and hair condition: -
● Skin of the healthy animal is clean , bright , soft , easy the pulling and move , the hair is a bright , shining and in one direction . ● In case of infection in the skin diseases will note hair loss , presence of dandruffs while be coarse and non-bright . ● There is natural phenomenon , a partial loss for hair in horses and cattle in (the spring and autumn ) and this hair replace by a new hair.

22. 6 - The Appetite :-
The Appetite :- It is ability and desire of animals to eat the food .
●The horse have appetite :- collecting the food with lips without falling it to the manger .
● The cows have appetite :- taking the food in her mouth without being chewed it and send it to the rumen and at rest time will return it to the mouth again in balls shape for re-chewing it .
● Such operations perform in healthy animal in regularly and simplicity, while the sick animal can not do this processes regularly.

23. 7 - Defecation ● In healthy animal :-
● Must be the defecation is naturally without of difficulty or pain .
● The feces must be in the form of balls when come down from the anus and then disintegrate when it touch the ground .
● The natural feces color is (golden yellow) or tendency to green and according to type of food .
● The feces smell must be natural .
● The feces must be free of mucous materials and intestinal worms .
● The defecation is occur about (8) times / day in healthy animal (Horses) .

24. Urination
● The urine must be normal in amount , the color ( light yellow , bright and non-bloody ) and the smell .
● Must be urination of animal is natural and without pain .
● If the animal urinate a lot or little this is meaning the defect in urinary system or neurological center .
● The normal quantity of urine (1 / / 2 gallon) / at one time .

25. Administration of medicines
1- Through the mouth (per- os) :-Such as balling , tablets, capsules and drenches Through the nostrils :- Such as nose drops and Inhalations Through the eye :- Such as eye drops , lotions and ointments Per- rectum :- Such as rectul enema Per-vagina :-Such as vaginal douches and pessaries Intra-mammary :- Such as ointments and injections Over the skin :- Such as ointments and fomentation Medicines are give by Injections :- Such as Intra-muscular, Intra-venous, intra-uterine, Intra-mammary, Intra-ruminal .