2. Egypt
Isolated, introspective, homogeneous, unified – pretty much for 3000 years
Protected by mountains, dessert, sea from invaders
Dependable flooding of Nile
egypt slideshow from web

3. Built in the Old Kingdom (2700-2185 B. C. E
Built in the Old Kingdom ( B.C.E.), the pyramids at Giza attest to the power invested in the Pharaoh. Unlike the Sumerian kings, the pharaoh was considered a god and his survival in the afterlife was linked to the health and prosperity of his people.

4. 3100 BCE Egypt King Narner’s Palette
Pre-dynastic – to 2700 BCE
Unification of Kingdoms under Menes, the king of Upper Egypt.
Khan Academy

5. 3100 BCE Egypt King Narner’s Palette Pre-dynastic – to 2700 BCE
Unification of Kingdoms under Menes, the king of Upper Egypt.

6. Unification of Egypt
Pre-unification
Isis and Osiris myth
Egypt Site
Egypt History Outline
lecture on Egyptian myth

7. What are the stylistic similarities between the Narner artist and the Naram-sin artist. How do both demonstrate the importance of religion in establishing political power?

8. Egyptian Religion similar to Mesopotamian
Creation myth said the earth rose like a platform out of the water
Many gods – Polytheistic
Sky gods, Earth gods – creation, fertility
Each ruler favored one god, so certain deities were associated with individual rulers. Each city or village had its preferred deity.
Differences between Mesopotamian and Egyptian Religions
Pharaoh was god (Mesopotamian ruler was simply a man)
Idea of afterlife dominates Egypt, cult of Osiris, resurrection (Mesopotamian view of afterlife was dim or non-existant)

9. Old Kingdom BCE
King Menkure and His Chief Queen 2525 BCE Removed from tomb at Giza- burial chamber in Valley Temple Mortuary portrait avoiding any hint at human frailty
Static, timeless. Idealized portrait.
Purpose, to supplement the embalmed corpse.
Canon of proportions: rules for depicting the figure that were followed for thousands of years.
Role of Mathematics in determining visual representation
Magic!
Heilbrun Timeline
Witcombe Art History Resource
Harvard

10. What’s in a measurement? The ancient cubit- astrological, body-based?

12. Menkaure with Hathor and Bat

13. The Egyptian “Canon” relied on a grid system that determined the ratio of head to body 1:7, arm to body, torso to body, etc. The Archaic Greeks used a similar system, probably derived from that of the Egyptians.

14. Kouros New York Kouros 615-590 BCE

15. Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE
Excavated from a mastaba at Meidum

16. Pyramid at Meidum originally built in Third Dynasty
Continued by Sneferu of the 4th. The architect was a successor to the famous Imhotep, the inventor of the stone built pyramid.

17. Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE

18. Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep and Wife Nefrot 2580 BCE

19. Left [1] King's Son of his Body, Ra-Hotep [2] General of the Army Expedition [3] Supervisor/Overseer of the Works   Right [1] King's Son of his Body, Ra-Hotep [2] Elder of the Chamber, Unique one of the Shepenty(?), [3] Great Prophet (Priest) of Heliopolis, unique one of festival, craftsman of the Ames sceptre

20. Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt Tomb of Ti, Saqqara 2500-2400 B. C. E
Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt Tomb of Ti, Saqqara B.C.E. BBC Pyramids and Mastabas

22. Giza King Khafre 2544 BCE

23. Old Kingdom Seated Scribe from Saqqara 2510-2460 B.C.E. Louvre
painted limestone 21”

24. Old Kingdom Seated Scribe from Saqqara 2510-2460 B.C.E. Louvre
painted limestone 21”

26. Head of Senusret III Middle Kingdom
Middle Kingdom ca BCE
Shaken by civil unrest, art becomes more inward and brooding/ lost regal divinity of Old Kingdom.
Sculptures seem to shrink inward, rather than stride forth.
Ra and Osiris take precedence over other gods; cult of Osiris/dead – sculptures take on mummy shape
Wall painting developed as independent art
Head of Senusret III Middle Kingdom

27. Head of Senusret III Middle Kingdom Great military leader, expansion into Kush Metaphysical, introspective. Heilbrunn timeline New emphasis on the gravity of the king’s responsibility, rather than on the infallibility

28. Middle Kingdom
Colossal statue of Mentuhotep II, Middle Kingdom, Dynasty 11, ca. 2051–2000 b.c.
Osiris Cult
Capital moved to Thebes

30. Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom

31. Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom

32. Beni Hasan, Tomb of Knhumhotep III 2131-1785 B.C. Middle Kingdom

33. Middle Kingdom reliefs from tomb of Ptah-hotep Sakkara Stylized figures with all body parts showing

34. Lady Sennuy
Wife of Provincial Governor
Discovered in Sudan
Middle Kingdom

35. Lady Sennuy
Wife of Provincial Governor
Discovered in Sudan
Middle Kingdom

36. Statue of Hatshepsut as King New Kingdom. 1473-1458 B.C.
Cosmopolitan Era- thriving arts
Period of expansion, enslave the Nubians to the south.
Rein of Hatshepsut, female pharaoh
Akhenaten’s revolution – Henotheism, Aten is chief and only god to be worshipped – supposed passion for things as they are, but art tended to be a caricature of life, overly sentimental. King let empire disintegrate while he meditated.
Statue of Hatshepsut as King
New Kingdom B.C.

37. Statue of Hatshepsut as King New Kingdom. 1473-1458 B.C.

38. Temple of Hatshepsut New Kingdom 1490 BCE

39. Temple of Hatshepsut New Kingdom

40. Memorial Depicting Senmut Steward and Architect for Hatshepsut
Block statues were introduced in the Middle Kingdom
The block is to be “read” as the knees in a pulled up position
These statues were almost always male, and always non-royal
The position signifies patience
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

41. Senmut and the daughter of Hatshepsut
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

43. Head of Akhenaten
BCE
Akhenaten’s revolution – Henotheism, Aten is chief and only god to be worshipped – supposed passion for things as they are, but art tended to be a caricature of life, overly sentimental. King let empire disintegrate while he meditated.

44. Amarrah Revolution Caryatid of King Akhenaton from karnak
Amarrah Revolution Caryatid of King Akhenaton from karnak. Expressionist distortion, the bowing of art to the imagination of one man. Akhenaten and his family. Attempt at naturalism – caricature, sentimentality.
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

45. Head of Akhenaten
BCE

46. Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and the Royal Princesses: sunk relief fragment from Tell el-Amarna, ca B.C.
Major challenge to the orthodox canon of Egyptian art
Intimacy, domesticity, expressionism, emotion.

47. Model of Head of Queen Nefertiti: 1340 BCE New Kingdom
The ideals of strength, spirituality and timelessness
are replaced in the revolution of Akhenaten with
Grace
Beauty
Charm
Model of Head of Queen Nefertiti: 1340 BCE New Kingdom

48. Ramesses II Temple at Abu Simel – in Nubia
Ramesses II Temple at Abu Simel – in Nubia. Kings continued to build vaster and more grandiose temples. Ramses is considered by many the Pharaoh of the Biblical Exodus.
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

49. Aftermath of Akhenatun revolution
Aftermath of Akhenatun revolution. Best known through Tut-ankh-amon’s tomb. Return to orthodoxy, rejection of Aten cult.and the rehabilitation of Amen at Thebes.

50. Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.
Another industry existed with providing copies of Books of the Dead. Scribes worked from master copies. The decease is to the left in a gesture of greeting. The scribe is the figure to the left of the scales(Thoth), on which the heart of the deceased is weighed. Osiris sits in judgment. If she fails the test, the “great devourer” will eat her heart. She utters a negative confession: “I have not lied, I have not stolen, I have not had sexual relations, etc.

51. my heart that was with me through all the stages of my life,
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.
O my heart that I received from my mother, my heart that I have had since birth,
my heart that was with me through all the stages of my life,
do not stand up against me as a witness! Do not oppose me at the tribunal!
Do not tip the scales against me in the presence of the Keeper of the Balance! You are my ka of my body,
you are the creator god Khnum who makes my limbs sound. Go forth to the Hereafter...                                 

52. BBC British Museum exhibit
The ancient Egyptians believed that in order for a person's soul to survive in the afterlife it would need to have food and water. The opening of the mouth ritual was thus performed so that the person who died could eat and drink again in the afterlife.

53. Fowling scene; fragment of a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun at Thebes
Fowling scene; fragment of a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun at Thebes B.C.E. british museum film

55. Nebamun was an Egyptian "scribe and counter of grain" during the New Kingdom. His tomb in Thebes, the location of which is now lost, featured the famous Pond in a Garden false fresco painting. Nebamun's name is translated as "My Lord is Amun" and he is thought to have lived c bce. The paintings were hacked from the tomb wall and purchased by a British collector who in turn sold them to the British Museum in The collector died in poverty without ever revealing the source location of the paintings. The depictions are highly symbolic and thematically related to a joyful afterlife.
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

56. Hunting scene from the tomb of Nebamun
Hunting scene from the tomb of Nebamun. Figures no longer within register, allowed to break into the band of hieroglyphics.
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

57. Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures
Statues from the Middle Kingdom onward of non royal figures. Prior to Middle Kingdom, these would be seen on route to temple. During the Middle Kingdom, they began to be used inside the temple. They represent people who were observed rituals of the cult but were not active participants. The cloak wrapped tightly around the body in these and in standing statues suggests aspects of the cult of Osiris. Other aspects of the cult of Osiris are crossed arms and partially covered hands.

58. History of the World in 100 objects

59. History of the World BBC