1. Globalisation and crime in contemporary society
Green crime
Crime against the environment

3. Three Mile Island: nuclear testing Illegal Dumping of Waste
Animal Skins
Deforestation
Acid Rain
Global Warming
Air Polution
Chemical / Gas Leaks
Three Mile Island: nuclear testing
Illegal Dumping of Waste
Nuclear Leaks: Chernobyl
Oil Spills

4. “Green “ Crime Activity 2:
“Zemiology”: the study of ‘harms’
Discuss: Is environmental harm a problem criminologists should tackle?
Right Side: Traditional Criminology approach - strengths and weaknesses of their ideas
Left Side: Green criminology - strengths and weaknesses of this form of “transgressive” approach. Incorporate the Marxist view here

5. “Green” Crime Activity 2:
Discuss: Is environmental harm a problem criminologists should tackle?
Traditional Criminology
Standpoint: no national / international law has been broken
Environmental Crime: “an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law”
Strength: clearly defined
Weakness: accepts official definitions of environmental problems. Ignores the fact that laws are often shaped by powerful groups with a “vested interest”
Green criminology - a “transgressive” approach
A more radical approach, starting from the notion of “harm” rather than crime
Environmental crime: “any action that harms the physical environment and / or the human and non-human animals within it, even if no law has been broken”. Many of the worst environmental harms are not illegal.
Strength: transgresses the boundaries of traditional criminology to provide a wider view. Marxist view - green criminology provides a global perspective, and transcends the narrower laws chosen by powerful, selfish people, within individual nation states, with a vested interest.

6. How is green crime linked to globalization?
Green crime is increasingly
seen as a form of global
crime for two reasons
REASON 1
The planet is a single
ecosystem in which
humans being ,other species
and the environment are
interconnected and
interdependent .
Harm done to other species
or aspects of the
environment such as air,
water supplies, the ocean
and the rainforest are seen
as increasingly impacting
negatively on the quality
and future of human life
where ever it is in the world .
E.g the radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster of 1986 spread thousands of miles across Europe ,resulting of sheep farming in parts of England and wales .

7. Reason 2 –why green crime is linked to globalisation
Green crime is carried out by powerful groups, particularly transnational corporations such as oil and chemical companies working with the co-operation of nation states and local wealthy elites
Is bp enviromental terrorists?

8. Manufactured risks -Beck
Many of the threats to our ecosystem comes from manufactured risks and this is a result of massive demand for consumer goods and technology which has an effect not only on us (humanity) but also on our environment .
For example greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to global warming and climate change .
We live in societies threatened by global risks

9. Deepwater Horizon: BP Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico 2011

10. Deepwater Horizon: BP Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico 2011

11. Policing green crime Difficulty in policing green crime
Very few local or international laws governing the state of the environment . International laws difficult to construct because not all countries agree to sign up to global agreements . For examples USA & China reluctant to agree to meet international targets to reduce carbon emissions .
Laws that exist are shaped by powerful capitalists interests , especially global ‘big business’. Governments in developing countries srtruggle to question and take action against transnational corporations because they are dependent on them for their income. Laws that do exist to protect environment are often weak.

12. Sociologial perspectives Radical criminologist : Rob White
Green crime should be defined as ‘any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it , even if no law has technically been broken’
Current laws are inconsistent as they often differ across countries. They are also biased as they are influenced by businesses who have a vested interest in harming the environment for their own gain.

13. Eco-centric vs anthropocentric view of green crime
Damage to the
environment is damage to
the other species as well
Putting the human race at risk in the future
Anthropocentric (this is the view of big business)
Humans have the right to
exploit the environment
and other species for their
own benefit .
White - argues that this capitalist ideology is responsible for a great deal of environmental harm

14. Key study : Nigel South – classifying green crime
Primary crime
Direct result of the destruction and degradation of the planet’s resources
Crimes of air pollution – industrial carbon and greenhouse gas emissions
Crimes of deforestation- illegal
Crimes of species decline and animal rights
Crimes of fresh water and marine pollution such as oil spillages
Secondary crime
Crimes that are a result of flouting existing laws and regulations
Illegal dumping of toxic waste - especially in the developing world
Massive amounts of plastic dumped in oceans - eg Dec 2014
Breach of health and safety rules causing disasters such as the Bhopal Chemicals Plant disaster
Offloading products such as pharmaceuticals onto third world markets after they have been banned on safety grounds in the west
Why does this happen?
Here I can activity of identifying primary and green crime from article or box

15. Greenpeace: Rainbow Warrior

16. Secondary Green Crime
Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand Harbor by French DGSE agents.
The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Operation Satanic, was an operation by the “action” branch of the French foreign intelligence services, the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE), carried out on July 10, It aimed to sink the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet, to prevent her from interfering in a nuclear test in Moruroa.
Fernando Pereira, a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship. Two French agents were arrested by the New Zealand Police on passport fraud and immigration charges. They were charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage, and murder. As part of a plea bargain, they pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years, of which they served just over two.

17. Evalaution of green criminology
Green criminology recognises the growing importance of environmental issues and manufactured global risks
It recognises the interdependence of humans, other species and the environment
However its focus on harm rather than criminality means green criminology is often accused of being engaged with subjective interpretation rather than objective scientific analysis and is therefore biased.

18. Examiners notes in relation to theory and methods
Research methods
Operationalising means the measurement of abstract concepts, Green crime is easy to measure because it is legally defined but harm is more difficult because it is a matter of interpretation
Theory
It would make sense to use green crime to illustrate the criminogenic nature of capitalism . If an exam essay question focuses on Marxist explanation of crime and deviance