1. CHAPTER 13 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Expiration
Inspiration
Mediastinum
Phlegm
Pulmonary
Respiration
Tachypnea
Apnea
Bradypnea
Chronic
Cilia
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Journal question: What are the three functions of the respiratory system?

2. Chapter 13 Learning Objectives
Define at least 10 terms referring to the respiratory system.
Describe the three functions of the respiratory system.
Identify at least 10 respiratory system structures and the function of each.

3. Chapter 13 Learning Objectives
Describe at least three methods of assessment of the respiratory system.
Describe at least five disorders of the respiratory system.

4. Structures of the Respiratory System
Name the structures of the respiratory system and their locations.
In what body cavity is the respiratory system located?
FIGURE 13-1 Structure of the respiratory system. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

5. Function of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body through the breathing process.
Inspiration (inhaling air)
Oxygen is brought into the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation)
Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs.
You breathe in and out from 15 to 25 times per minute and don’t even realize it.
How can diet and exercise improve respiratory function?

6. Respiratory System Three functions of the respiratory system
Exchanges gases between the blood and the lungs
Helps regulate body temperature by cooling or warming the blood
Helps to maintain the blood’s electrolyte balance
How does the respiratory system help maintain homeostasis in the human body?

7. Mechanisms of Breathing
FIGURE 13-2 The mechanics of breathing. A, The diaphragm contracts to pull air into the lungs. B, As the diaphragm relaxes, the air is released.
You breathe in 13 pints of air every minute.

8. Three Processes of Respiration
External respiration, or ventilation
Brings oxygen into the lungs
Internal respiration
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
Cellular respiration
Changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
In what part of the body do each of the respiration processes take place?
A person can survive only a few minutes without oxygen.

9. Inhalation Process
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth.
Air from the nose or mouth is funneled through the throat and into the trachea.
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi.
Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli.
Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion.
Describe the inhalation process as the students follow along using with the diagram in Figure 13-1 in their textbooks, or use Slide 4.
Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and more than 300 million alveoli.

10. Assessment Techniques
Rate
The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors.
Children breathe 20 times per minute.
Adults breathe 16 to 20 times per minute.
Elderly often breathe less than 16 times per minute.
Discuss with the students why the rate of respiration varies with age. Discuss other factors for various rates of respiration.

11. Assessment Techniques
Character of respirations
Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals.
Apnea: no respiration
Respirations may be deep or shallow.
Respirations may be dry or wet.
Breath sounds
Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope.
Wheezing or adventitious sounds may indicate an abnormal condition.

12. Assessment Techniques
Lung volume assessment
Respiratory capacity is the amount of air that can be brought into the lungs.
Measured by a spirometer
Depends on age and physical condition
Vital capacity includes
Tidal volume: amount of air normally exchanged
Inspiratory reserve: additional amount of air that can be inhaled
Expiratory reserve: additional amount of air that can be exhaled
Have students measure each other’s lung volume using a spirometer.

13. FIGURE 13-4 Respiratory capacity.

14. Assessment Techniques
Blood gas analysis
Measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH, and other gases.

15. Blood Gas Analysis

16. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Anthrax
Caused by spores of the bacterium
Asthma attack
May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
Atelectasis
A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

17. Agents That Trigger Asthma
Discuss the effects of air pollution on the respiratory system.

18. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Bronchitis
An infection of the bronchi
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention of these disorders.

19. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Cold
A respiratory infection
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
Emphysema
Alveoli lose elasticity, become dilated, and do not exchange gases well.
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

20. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Hantavirus infection
A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks
Hay fever
A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer
Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

21. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Pleural effusion
Condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

22. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Pneumoconiosis
Inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants
Respiratory acidosis
Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH
Respiratory alkalosis
Deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

23. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Respiratory distress syndrome
Condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly
Sinusitis
Inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Respiratory disorder of newborns
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

24. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy
Can be transmitted through the air
Upper respiratory infection
Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx
Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

25. Issues and Innovations
Tobacco issues
Cigarette smoking has been linked to many illnesses.
Nonsmokers face same risks because they are subjected to passive, secondhand, or sidestream smoke.
Harmful effects of smokeless tobacco
Leukoplakia
Mouth cancer
Heart disease
Ask students to name the illnesses to which tobacco has been linked.

26. Issues and Innovations
Environmental health risks
Black lung disease
Miners who inhale coal dust
Asbestosis
Chronic scarring of the lung tissue
Can lead to malignant mesothelioma
Berylliosis
Inhalation of beryllium used in fluorescent light bulbs
Toxic chemicals used in the computer industry
Sick building syndrome
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide cause sickness.
Toxic mold
Stachybotrys or Chaetomium mold produces mycotoxins that are poisonous.
Discuss with the students how many of these environmental health risks can be reduced or eliminated.

27. Summary
Functions of the respiratory system include exchanging gases between the blood and lungs, regulating body temperature, and maintaining electrolyte balance.
Structures of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm.

28. Summary
Methods of assessing the respiratory system include the respiration rate, character of respirations, breath sounds, lung volume, and blood gas determinations.
Disorders of the respiratory system include asthma, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.

29. Review Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs when:
a. Inflammation affects one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
b. A respiratory disorder of newborns exists.
c. Bacteria enter the lungs.
d. Viruses or bacteria enter the nose, pharynx, or larynx.
e. The alveoli do not inflate properly.

30. Review Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs when:
a. Inflammation affects one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
b. A respiratory disorder of newborns exists.
c. Bacteria enter the lungs.
d. Viruses or bacteria enter the nose, pharynx, or larynx.
e. The alveoli do not inflate properly.

31. Review Bronchitis is defined as: a. Inflammation of the voice box
b. Inflammation of the bronchi
c. Removal of the lung
d. Fast respiration
e. Inflammation of the tonsils

32. Review Bronchitis is defined as: a. Inflammation of the voice box
b. Inflammation of the bronchi
c. Removal of the lung
d. Fast respiration
e. Inflammation of the tonsils