1. PRESENTATION ON
Line follower
robot

2. What is a robot?
A robot is a mechanical or virtual intelligent agent that can perform tasks automatically or with guidance, typically by remote control.
A robot is an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by computer and electronic programming.
Robots can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or remotely controlled.

3. Line follower robot
Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface (or vice-versa) or it can be invisible like a magnetic field.

4. REQUIREMENT OF THE LFR The robot must be capable of following a line.
It should be capable of taking various degrees of turns
It must be prepared of a situation that it runs into a territory which has no line to follow. (Barren land syndrome)
The robot must also be capable of following a line even if it has breaks.
The robot must be insensitive to environmental factors such as lighting and noise.
It must allow calibration of the line’s darkness threshold.
Scalability must be a primary concern in the design.
The color of the line must not be a factor as long as it is darker than the surroundings.

5. Types of lfr ANALOG LFR The analog robot is inexpensive .
It has three major parts:
IR emitter and phototransistor
Motor circuit
Brain circuit
2N2222 and
TI2140 transistor

6. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED LFR
This LFR is a versatile and feature rich robot development platform. The LFR is based around the popular 8051 family micro controller

7. SPECIFICATIONS Sensors: 2 IR based Line sensors
2 IR based obstacle detection sensors
Mechanical Construction:
Two wheel drive with front skid
High quality Acrylic laser cut chassis
Plastic wheels with rubber grip
Electrical Features:
2 x 100rpm Motors
Driven by 8.4V rechargeable AA size NiMH battery pack (Not Included
9 V Power Supply

8. WORKING OF LFR
The robot uses IR sensors to sense the line, an array of 8 IR LEDs (Tx) and sensors (Rx), facing
the ground has been used in this setup. The output of the sensors is an analog signal which
depends on the amount of light reflected back, this analog signal is given to the comparator to
produce 0s and 1s which are then fed to the uC.

9. MOVEMENT OF LFR

10. …..
Let us assume that when a sensor is on the line it reads 0 and when it is off the line it reads 1

11. APPLICATIONS Industrial automated equipment carriers
Tour guides in museums and other similar applications.
For repetitive tasks which use the same path things like following one on the floor of a factory to remove the need for a human operator also lines of metal placed under lawns can be used as a guide...
Swarm robotics is one of the major application

12. Swarm robotics
Swarm robotics is a new approach to the coordination of multirobot systems which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots.

13. LIMITATIONS
Choice of line is made in the hardware abstraction and cannot be changed by software.
The steering mechanism is not easily implemented in huge vehicles and impossible for non-electric vehicles (petrol powered).
Few curves are not made efficiently, and must be avoided.

14. …LIMITATIONS
Lack of a four wheel drive, makes it not suitable for a rough terrain.
Use of IR even though solves a lot of problems pertaining to interference, makes it hard to debug a faulty sensor.
Lack of speed control makes the robot unstable at times.

15. FUTURE SCOPE
Software control of the line type (dark or light) to make automatic detection possible.
“Obstacle detecting sensors” to avoid physical obstacles and continue on the line.
Distance sensing and position logging & transmission.
Swarm robotics

16. Thankyou
By- samik mahotra
Usn-1pi09te082
Class-5th b