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Firestopping Technical
Training Seminar Notes _________________________________________________________ © Copyright 2016, Passive Fire Protection Partners
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© Copyright Notice Copyright of this presentation is owned by Passive Fire Protection Partners. All rights are reserved. This material is provided free of charge in electronic and printed formats for educational, non-profit use only and reproduction by any means is prohibited without the express written consent of Passive Fire Protection Partners. Where copyright law is not violated and credit is given to the authors, permission to reproduce will not be unreasonably withheld to Building Officials, Architects, Engineers, Fire Marshals, educators or other groups or agencies in the interest of fire safety. Contact…………...Passive Fire Protection Partners. 1412 Derwent Way, Annacis Island Delta B.C., Canada V3M-6H9 Toll Free Fax Internet htpp:// Notes _________________________________________________________
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Head Office and Manufacturing Plant Delta, British Columbia
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Active vs. Passive Fire Protection
Active Fire Protection defines actively extinguishing a fire firefighters sprinkler systems Passive Fire Protection is the containment of fire via the use of construction materials fire separations fire doors firestopping Many people believe that Passive Fire Protection began in the mid 80’s as a result of the Las Vegas MGM Grand Hotel fire which killed 85 people. The fire started on the 1st floor, 68 died on the 23rd floor of asphyxia from smoke and gas which travelled through curtainwall joints, penetrations and ducts. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Background of Firestopping
World War II - Passive Fire Protection & firestopping was first used in warships 1950’s - Insurance Industry (FM) concerned with property loss in large industrial plants. Fire separations were developed to isolate million dollar machines from one another. Loss during a FIRE would be limited to one machine instead of all machines. Firestopping was developed to maintain the integrity of these fire separations when penetrated for services. 1980’s - Mandated into the building codes to limit the movement of FIRE AND SMOKE within a building. Concern was not only for property damage but also for loss of life. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Building And Industry Codes
NBC National Building Code of Canada BCBC British Columbia Building Code City of Vancouver Building By-Law NFPA National Safety Code
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WHAT IS THE INTENT OF THE BUILDING CODE?
health and safety document to maximize life safety and minimize property damage. accomplished by constructing buildings that contain fire and smoke within fire compartments. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Deaths In Building Fires
Year 1990 Total 4181 Toxic Smoke (73%) Burned (26%) Source: NFPA Journal 1994
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Smoke Seal Limits to Smoke Movement - Every building shall be designed to limit the danger to occupants and fire fighters from exposure to smoke in a building fire. When considering a smoke seal in or around the perimeter of fire separations the sealant should be able to withstand the time/temperature curve of the fire separation and overall fire compartment (1000ºC+). Common sense would dictate that smoke seals should be a mandatory requirement of the building code for all high occupancy buildings not just high buildings. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Life Safety SMOKE AND FIRE Smoke Management
Smoke travels up to 50 feet per minute in a developing fire 300 feet per minute in a fully engaged fire. All fire separations must stop the spread of SMOKE AND FIRE Life Safety
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What causes death in a fire?
Direct exposure to flame (physical burns) is not the major killer. Toxic smoke and/or hot gases inhalation (asphyxia) causes over 75% of fire related deaths. Rigid materials and insulating materials DO NOT STOP SMOKE Smoke sealants DO NOT STOP FIRE State of the art firestop products protect against both FIRE and SMOKE, not one or the other. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Definition of: Fire Compartment
Fire Compartment or Fire Zone: an enclosed space in a building that is separated from all other parts of the building by enclosing construction providing a fire separation having a required fire-resistance rating. Fire Compartments are designed into all buildings except residential single family dwellings Notes _________________________________________________________
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Definition of: Fire Separation
a construction assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire. a fire separation may or may not have a fire-resistance rating.
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Definition of: Fire Resistance Rating
the time in hours or fraction thereof that a material or assembly of materials will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria (ref. NBC Part 1) Notes _________________________________________________________
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Constructing These Definitions
Fire Compartments are a series of “fireproof” boxes created during the construction process Having 6 or more sides: 4 walls 1 floor 1 ceiling Each box will contain a fully engulfed fire (+1000ºC) for a known period of time
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Constructing These Definitions
Each wall or floor/ceiling assembly are known as Fire Separations These assemblies are constructed using materials such as concrete, concrete block and drywall with metal or wood studs 2 hrs Fire Separations have been tested to establish their known Fire Resistance Rating or burn-through time
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How Many Fire Compartments?
Exit Stairs 10 P u b l I c C o r d 1 5 Fire Separations 6 8 SUITE APARTMENT FLOOR 2 12 9 3 7 Notes _________________________________________________________ 8 4 11 Exit Stairs
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What Temperatures Are Fire Compartments Tested to Withstand?
538º C º F 843º C º F 927º C º F 1010º C º F 1052º C º F 1093º C º F 5 min. 30 min. 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Notes _________________________________________________________ All CAN/ULC S-101 fire separations and CAN/ULC S-115 firestop systems are tested to this time/temperature curve.
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Regulated Construction Products
All passive fire protection products are classified as regulated construction products. This is a mandatory requirement. Products must be tested to the requirements of the recognized standard by an Accredited Third Party Testing Agency in order to comply with the Building Codes. Third part testing gives Further Assurance that products will perform to their tested and listed uses. Always refer to Fire Resistance Directories. Notes _________________________________________________________
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What is Firestopping? The installation of a Firestop System is to maintain or regain the fire resistance rating of a fire separation that has openings (service penetrations, open cavities or joints) that could allow fire or smoke to pass to any other part of the building or to the interior of an adjoining hollow fire separation. All Firestop Systems must be tested and listed by accredited third party testing agency for their appropriate use. Firestop Systems can be single or multiple component. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Noncombustible Construction
Many buildings are constructed as Noncombustible under the National Building Code Most government buildings as follows: Hospitals and Health Care Universities and schools Federal and provincial prisons Hydro projects and nuclear power plants Most new Federal Government specifications call for firestop and smoke seals to be installed around all penetrating items as well as smoke seals anywhere dissimilar fire separations meet. (i.e... GWB to concrete floor/ceiling assemblies.) Notes _________________________________________________________
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Test Methods & Standards
CAN/ULC S-101 Standard Method of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction Materials CAN/ULC S-115 Standard Method of Fire Tests of Firestop Systems CAN/ULC S-102 Standard Method of Testing for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies CAN/ULC S-114 Standard Method of test for determination of Non-combustibility in Building Materials Notes _________________________________________________________
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Testing Agencies Accredited by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
Warnock Hersey (IntetekTesting Service) WH mark Underwriters Laboratories of Canada Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (US) are widely recognized for fire endurance testing throughout Canada. Notes _________________________________________________________
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UL’s Newest Mark Canada / United States
FILL VOID OR CAVITY MATERIALS CLASSIFIED BY UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.® FOR USE IN THROUGH PENETRATION AND JOINT SYSTEMS SEE UL FIRE RESISTANCE DIRECTORY Notes _________________________________________________________
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FOLLOW UP INSPECTION SERVICES
ULC, UL and Warnock Hersey All manufacturers listed in their Fire Resistive Directories Inspections are done randomly, 4 times a year Materials and Procedures must be identical to the previous inspection or you must re test Manufacturers who give a Report Number, not a Listed Systems Design Number, are not included in the Follow - Up Inspection Program (a “Buyer Beware” attitude should be taken)
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The “MARK” & Product Labeling Misconceptions
The testing agency MARK in most cases does not substantiate the wording “Firestop Sealant” on a product label. Products with this label do not necessarily STOP FIRE by themselves. Most are smoke sealants to be used as part of a multi-component system. Their labels do not inform of this. The MARK on the product package NEVER implies it will stop fire. The only thing that is certified by the testing agency is the systems design in the testing agencies current fire resistance directory. NOTE: Firestop test standards do not cover longevity, compatibility or toxicity testing. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Where to Firestop and Smoke Seal?
Service Penetrations Where a fire separation has been penetrated for services, a firestop system is installed in the annular space around the penetrating item OR in an open void if a penetrating item is not present. Construction/Expansion Joints Where fire separations meet, a firestop system is installed in the joint or void (i.e.. concrete slabs to curtain wall assemblies or GWB fire separations to dissimilar surfaces). Notes _________________________________________________________
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Solid Core Fire Separation
Concrete or concrete block. When penetrating the interior of concrete block, its faces must be capped when there is a hollow fire separation above in order to prevent the movement of fire and smoke between the separations. Each 2” of reinforced concrete considered to give 60 Minutes of fire protection. 6” 180 min 4” 120 min 2” 60 min Notes _________________________________________________________
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Hollow Core Fire Separations
2 hour 1 hour Single or multiple layers of drywall open cavities for fire or smoke to move within Rule of thumb: Each layer of 5/8” Type “X” drywall has a tested burn through time of 30 minutes ½ hour 1 hour Header and Sill Plates Penetrations must be firestopped to prevent fire and smoke from prematurely entering the interior of the fire separation above 1½ hour 2 hour
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Fire Tape Fire tape is not an acceptable firestop, smoke stop or draft stop Proper treatment of joints that meet dissimilar surfaces, GWB to concrete assemblies, requires an elastomeric firestop systems in order to allow for the slab above flexing under load. All rigid materials fail this requirement. Right Fire Tape 8 min Fire tape lasts approximately 8 min before failure Notes _________________________________________________________
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Earthquakes Seismic restraint (earthquake vibration control) is one of the fastest growing fields in North America Firestopping is following at the same pace. The major concern of earthquakes is broken and sheared off gas and electrical lines which can create fires. It is critical to allow for the movement of all items penetrating fire separations. NFPA 13 states that all sprinkler pipes passing through fire separations require a minimum 1” to 2” annular space around the sprinkler pipe and must be sealed with a flexible firestop material. Notes _________________________________________________________
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The Importance of Listed Systems Designs
Think of a listed systems design as the “License” or “Certificate of Worthiness” allowing a firestop manufacturer to sell product for the exact application as outlined in the systems design. If a product does not have a third party listed systems design TO COVER A SPECIFIC APPLICATION the product cannot be used for that application, no matter how many listings it has for other uses. The listing also provides a trail of liability to the listing agency and the manufacturer. If you have installed or passed an application without a listing you have just accepted all liability associated with an improper installation. Notes _________________________________________________________
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The “F” (Fire) Rating A firestop system shall be considered as meeting the requirements for an “F” rating if it remains in the opening during the fire test for the rating period without permitting the passage of flame through openings, or the occurrence of flaming on any element of the unexposed side of the fire stops. Notes _________________________________________________________
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The “FH” (Hose Stream) Rating
The firestop system must pass the requirements of the F Rating, AND shall be considered as meeting the requirements of the “H” rating if it remains in the opening during the hose stream test. The fire stop shall not develop any opening that would permit a projection of water from the stream beyond the unexposed side.
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The “FT” (Fire and Temperature) Rating
The firestop system must pass the requirements of the “F” rating, AND The transmission of heat through the fire stop during the rating period shall not have been such as to raise the temperature of any thermocouple on the unexposed surface of the fire stop or on any penetrating item more than 325º F (181º C) above its initial temperature. Also the fire stop shall have withstood the fire test during the rating period without permitting the passage of flame through openings, or the occurrence of flaming on any element of the unexposed side of the fire stops. Notes _________________________________________________________
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How Important is the “T” Rating
The “T” rating is the evaluated time it takes for the heat to be conducted through the penetrating item and the fire separation and ignites combustible items on the non fire exposed side. When penetrating into a hollow fire separation that has combustible framing members (wood) the “T” rating is extremely important. Many firestop manufacturers test the penetrating item centered between the studs. Very few manufacturers can provide truly representative listing details for the penetrating item attached to the studs and/or penetrating the header or sill plates in wood framed construction. Notes _________________________________________________________
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“T” rating Cont.. This table is information taken from an actual 1 hour GWB firestop test. It is important to note that the copper pipe follows the time/temperature curve of the furnace and failed the “T” rating at 38 min. This time varies from 12 to 40 minutes depending on the assembly type and thickness and penetrating material types of the firestop system. The plastic pipe stayed at around 107 F throughout the test easily passing the “T” rating criteria. Furnace Temperature “T” Fail Line Copper Pipe Plastic Pipe
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Are the ratings separable
No If just an “F” rating is asked for, that is all that is required. If an “FT” is asked for you must pass all the criteria for the full rating period. Many systems have 2 hour “F” ratings and minute “T” ratings. This means the overall systems “FT” rating is minutes not 2 hours.
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ANNULAR SPACE (ANNULUS)
Maximum Annular Space Maximum distance between substrate and pipe Minimum Annular Space Minimum distance between (pipe cannot touch substrate unless specified) min max Notes _________________________________________________________ HOLE PENETRATING ITEM / PIPE
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Centered in the Hole If the Listed System Design defines the penetrating item as centered in the hole, do I have the proper systems design that Underwriters Laboratories or Warnock Hersey will recognize when the penetrating item is offset in the hole. NO You can verify this by calling the listing agency Notes _________________________________________________________
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Annular Space (the Firestop Manufacturer’s nightmare)
The greater the annular space the greater the erosion rate of the firestop system. Erosion cycles in small annular spaces are extremely restricted. In concrete types, the concrete dissipates a lot or the furnace heat. The smaller the annular space the easier to pass the test requirements. Annular space is one of the most important listed systems design criteria. When it says MAXIMUM annular space that is precisely what it means. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Service Penetration System Types
There are two main types of Service penetrations: Closed Penetrating Items The interior of the systemis not open or vented to atmosphere process and supply piping systems or solid items like electrical wire, solid steel beams or seismic braces, etc. Open Penetrating Items Open or vented to atmosphere DWV (Drain/Waste/Vent) EMT is considered open Notes _________________________________________________________
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Penetrating Item Types
Combustible Plastics or materials that will melt prior to 1800º º F. Aluminum for these purposes is considered to be combustible. Closed Systems are capped or closed on both sides during firestop testing with a small vent hole on the “unexposed” side Open Systems are only capped on fire “exposed” side. Non-combustible Metallic or materials that will withstand 1800º F and above Closed and Open Systems are capped or closed on the fire “exposed” side (furnace side) during firestop testing. The test furnace for Firestop testing has no way to differentiate between combustible or non-combustible systems. For a combustible or non-combustible system to pass, it must not permit the passage of flame through openings, or the occurrence of flaming on any element of the “unexposed” side of the firestop system. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Firestop Materials (Components)
A firestop system is composed of one or more materials. The listed system design identifies the exact materials to be installed Single Component - a firestop system using only ONE Listed Material (filler material maybe optional) Multiple Component - a system using more than one material. These systems must be installed using the filler material at the correct density and depth. The filler material is usually stopping the fire. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Firestop Materials (cont) Multiple Component Systems
SEALANT the smoke and hot gases seal. adheres the filler material in place during building settling and seismic movement and assists during the hose stream rating. FILLER (ceramic fibre, mineral/rock wool, gypsum wall board) the filler stops or slows down the fire and high temperature from getting to the sealant. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Single Component Firestop Systems
Protects against both fire and smoke 1. RIGID Early technology Concrete, Cementicious grouts,Gypsum filler compounds Limitations and Problems Intolerant of movement of pipes and building settling Cracking,shrinking and falling out Still being used 2. ELASTOMERIC (Flexible) Earliest Versions small annular spaces Latest technology allows for: maximum movement larger annular spaces easy application Notes _________________________________________________________
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Industry Firestop Sealants Typical Vehicle Service Temperatures
Latex 425ºF 218ºC Urethane 550ºF 288ºC Silicone 1350ºF 732ºC 15 Min CAN/ULC S114 Non-Combustible Classification Notes _________________________________________________________ 1832ºF 1000ºC 1, 2 or 3 Hours CAN/ULC S115 Firestops and CAN/ULC S101 Fire Separations
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Insulation/Filler Material (Typical Vehicle Service Temperatures)
Fiberglass 1600ºF 871ºC Mineral Wool 3000ºF 1649ºC Ceramic Fiber / Aluminum silicate 1832ºF 1000ºC 1,2 or 3 Hours CAN/ULC S115 Firestops and CAN/ULC S101 Fire Separations Fiberglass rarely listed except when used for pipe insulation Mineral wool must be compressed to meet the 1832ºF / 1000ºC System designs listing ceramic fiber cannot be substituted with any other insulation material. Carcinogenic. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Service Penetration Horizontal & Vertical Fire Separations
Multiple Component Fire exposed side Both sides are considered the fire exposed side Notes _________________________________________________________ Penetrating Item Substrate Assembly Type Component 1, Firestop Sealant Component 2, Mineral wool or Ceramic fiber
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Service Penetration Horizontal & Vertical Fire Separations
Single Component Notes _________________________________________________________
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Service Penetration Hollow Fire Separation
metal sleeve to support filler material Notes _________________________________________________________ Single Component Multiple Component
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Interior Service Penetrations Hollow Core Fire Separation
Header and Sill penetrations Header, Sill and membrane penetrations Cannot use a multiple component system Notes _________________________________________________________ Penetrating Item Substrate Assembly Type Component 1, Firestop Sealant
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Construction/Expansion Joints Horizontal Fire Separation
Multiple Component Single Component Notes _________________________________________________________ Penetrating Item (not allowed unless shown) Substrate Assembly Type Component 1, Firestop Sealant Component 2, Multiple Component, Required
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Firestop Materials are Sacrificial
Each firestop system has a known fire erosion rating or burn through time. 2 hrs Notes _________________________________________________________
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Things to Remember About Firestop Sealants
Most sealants labeled “FIRESTOP” are actually “SMOKE” sealants (multi-component firestop system) Firestop sealants are NOT GENERIC You cannot substitute one sealant for another! Chemical Compatibility with different substrates & penetrants Adhesion Capability damp, dirty or oily jobsite surfaces Elastomeric to withstand building settling and penetrating item movement. Notes _________________________________________________________
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INTUMESCENTS What is an INTUMESCENT
Material That Expands When Exposed To High Heat 450 Deg. F ( some are 2 Stages ) Caulks, Wrap Strips, Devices (Collars), Boards Uses : Plastic Pipe, Insulated Pipe Telescoping Caution: May Have Long Term Aging Problems Small Annular Space ( 1/4 inch ) NFPA 13 Requires Movement
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LISTED SYSTEMS DESIGN Manufacturer submits an assembly containing their firestopping products to a accredited testing agency to be tested to the current firestop standard A report is written and given to the manufacturer / customer whether the test was sccessful or not. This report is confidential information between client and testing agency If the test was successful a listing is promulgated by the testing agency and is published in the Fire Resistive Directory. This outlines the information relavent to the test standard and is used for the submittal package Although these Listings are commonly referred to as “APPROVALS” they are not. They are like report cards Notes _________________________________________________________
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construction type (substrate) horizontal or vertical fire separations
System No. C-AJ-1239 F Rating - 2 Hr T Ratings - 1 & 2 Hr (See Items 2 & 3C) 1. Floor or Wall Assembly - Min 5 in. thick normal weight (150 pcf) concrete. Wall may also be constructed of any UL Classified Concrete Blocks*. Max diam of opening is 14 in. See Concrete Blocks (CAZT) category in the Fire Resistance Directory for names of manufacturers. 2. Through Penetrants - One metallic pipe, conduit or tubing to be installed either concentrically or eccentrically within the firestop system. The annular space between pipe, conduit or tubing and edge of through opening shall be min 1/2 in. to max 1-3/4 in. Pipe, conduit or tubing to be rigidly supported on both sides of floor or wall assembly. The following types and sizes of metallic pipes, conduits or tubing may be used: A. Steel Pipe - Nom 4 in. diam (or smaller) Schedule 10 (or heavier) steel pipe. B. Conduit - Nom 4 in. diam (or smaller) rigid steel conduit or steel electrical metallic tubing. C. Iron Pipe - Nom 4 in. diam (or smaller) cast or ductile iron pipe. D. Copper Tubing - Nom 4 in. diam (or smaller) Type L (or heavier) copper tube. E. Copper Pipe - Nom 4 in. diam (or smaller) Regular (or heavier) copper pipe. When copper pipe or tubing is used, T Rating is 1 Hr. 3. Firestop System - The firestop system shall consist of the following: Packing Material - Min 3-1/2 in. thickness of min 4 pcf mineral wool batt insulation firmly packed into opening as a permanent form. Packing material to be recessed from top surface of floor or from both surfaces of wall as required to accommodate the required thickness of fill material (Item 3B). Fill, Void or Cavity Material* - Sealant - Min 1/4 in. thickness of fill material applied within annulus, flush with top surface of floor or both surfaces of wall. Passive Fire Protection Partners - 4100NS, 4100SL, 4800DW Firestop Device* - Nom 36 in. long firestop device tightly fitted around pipe conduit or tubing and secured with min 8 AWG steel wire spaced max 6 in. OC. Device to be tightly butted to underside of floor assembly. For wall assemblies, nom 18 in. long device tightly butted to both sides of wall. LOOK FOR: construction type (substrate) horizontal or vertical fire separations penetrating item size and material type combustible (plastic) or non-combustible (metallic) pipe systems. open (DWV) or closed (process and supply) systems or both penetrating item to be centered or offset maximum allowable annular space
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FS/PHV 120-01 WH Design Numbers Listing No. 01 Firestop Systems Inc.
120 min. (2 hours) Horizontal (floors) Vertical (walls) Notes _________________________________________________________ Penetrations
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UL System Numbers Penetrations
C -AJ 1st Letter 2nd Letter(s) Number Series F = Floor A = Concrete 5- thick No penetrating item W = Wall B = Concrete 5+ thick Metallic Pipe/Conduit C = Combined C = Framed Floors Non-metallic Pipe/Conduit J = Concrete/Block Walls Electrical Cables 8- thick Cable Trays K = Concrete/Block Walls Insulated Pipe thick Electrical Ducts L = Framed Walls Mechanical Ducts 8000 Multiples of the above items
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UL System Numbers Joints
HW -S 1st Letter 2nd Letter(s) Number Series FF = Floor to Floor D = Dynamic Joint Width WW = Wall to Wall S = Static > 2” to 6” FW = Floor to Wall > 6” to 12” HW = Head of Wall > 12” to 24” 4000 > 24”
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Building Inspectors On-Site Check List
1. Always request the Listed System Design (cut sheet) for each application from the contractor. The System Design must be from the current UL or WH fire resistance directory or have a accompanying recent test letter from the Accredited Third Party Testing Agency. 2. Check that each System Design meets each jobsite application condition. 3. Is mineral wool or ceramic fibre required, what density? 4. What firestop product(s) is the contractor using? Is there a “WH” or “UL” logo and identification on the product? Notes _________________________________________________________
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The Insurance Company View
Insurance Underwriters and Risk Management Groups have based their insurance premiums for multi-tenant and commercial buildings constructed since 1985 on the assumption that they have complied with the Building Code. Some Insurance Companies Risk Management groups are now performing their own passive fire protection inspections. Some Building Owners are refused insurance or are required to pay a higher premium for their building even though it was constructed after 1985. Notes _________________________________________________________
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The IBM Tower, Montreal This 66 story high-rise was built after 1985.
Though mandated by the NBC in Canada, no firestopping was installed on the curtain wall system or in the service penetrations. Notes _________________________________________________________
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Internet Resources The best tools for fire related resources and data bases available anywhere are on the Internet. Many Architects, Building Officials and Fire related organizations are already using the Internet to receive and post up to the minute news for their respective professions or service from all over the world. Notes _________________________________________________________
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http://www.firestop.com To Log on
Passive Fire Protection Partners. world wide web site is located at: Notes _________________________________________________________
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