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8B: Cycles on Earth

2. Energy and Matter
Remember that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Scientists define energy as the ability to cause change
Things that are not matter are considered energy – for example sunlight and sound are forms of energy as they do not have mass or take up space, but they cause changes
All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the Earth Systems (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere)

3. Write these questions down and think about these answers with your partners
The Rock Cycle
Where does the energy come from that drives the movement of materials in the rock cycle?
What type of matter is involved in the rock cycle?
The Water Cycle
Where does the energy come from that drives the movement of materials in the water cycle?
What type of matter is involved in the water cycle?

4. Most processes that change Earth are slow:
Interactions among Earth’s systems have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future
Most processes that change Earth are slow:
Movement of tectonic plates
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition
Cycling of Rocks and Water at and below Earth’s surface
But sometimes changes are sudden and dramatic:
Volcanic activity
Earthquakes
Hurricanes, tornadoes – extreme weather events

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6. Add rock cycle to your index of key terms
The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is the series of processes that change rocks from one form to another
The processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth’s materials
Some processes take place deep within Earth, while others, such as weathering and erosion, take place on or near Earth’s surface

8. A rock is a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and other materials
Rocks are classified according to how they form. The three main types of rock are:
Igneous rock forms when molten rock material cools and hardens
Metamorphic rock forms when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and extreme pressure
Sedimentary rocks form when sediment is eroded by water, wind, ice, or gravity and deposited in layers

9. How does the rock cycle interact with each Earth System?
The biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere:
all help to weather (break down) and erode (move) the rock of the geosphere along Earth’s surface
Lastly the geosphere:
All parts and processes of the rock cycle take place within the geosphere

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11. Add water cycle to your index of key terms
The Water Cycle
Add water cycle to your index of key terms
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface

12. Processes of the water cycle
Water’s movements—both on the land and underground—cause weathering and erosion, which change the land’s surface features and create underground formations
Processes of the water cycle
precipitation: any form of water that falls from the clouds and reaches Earth’s surface
evaporation: the process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor
condensation: the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water

14. How does the water cycle interact with each Earth System?
Biosphere:
Organisms in the biosphere are dependent on the water cycle, without the movement of water along the surface of the geosphere, living organisms would not survive
Geosphere:
The water cycle causes weathering and erosion of Earth’s rocks through the freezing and melting of Earth’s waters, as well as the various forms of precipitation that fall from the atmosphere to the geosphere

15. How does the water cycle interact with each Earth System?
Atmosphere:
The water cycle moves water into the atmosphere, this creates clouds and the various forms of precipitation, which cause the water cycle and hydrosphere to interact with the biosphere and geosphere
Hydrosphere:
The water cycle is what causes the hydrosphere to interact with all of Earth’s other systems

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17. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Add weathering, erosion, and deposition to your index of key terms
The cycle of weathering, erosion and deposition has been repeated many times throughout Earth’s history, at times drastically changing Earth’s surface
Weathering is the process that breaks rocks down into small pieces called sediments
Erosion is the process of moving sediment
Deposition is the process of laying down eroded material in a new location

19. Weathering
Rocks can be broken down by either physical or chemical means

20. Weathering
Rocks can be broken down by either physical or chemical means
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
The breaking of rock into small pieces without changing the composition of the rock
Exposes more surface area of rock and allows more water and gases to enter the rock
Examples:
Frost wedging occurs when water in rocks freezes and melts repeatedly, breaking the rock apart
The roots of plants can grow into cracks in rocks and eventually break the rock
Waves crashing against a rocky shoreline, slowly breaking apart the rocks into smaller pieces
Weathering that occurs by exposure to water and atmosphere that changes the composition of the rock
Weakens rock by changing the composition of some minerals and dissolving others
Examples:
Oxidation occurs when oxygen combines with another substance and creates an oxide, like rust
Acid rain reacts with minerals in rock which causes them to break down, when CO2 mixes with rain water

22. Erosion and Deposition
There are three agents of Erosion and Deposition; water, wind, and ice
Erosion
Deposition
Water
Moving water picks up pieces of rock and sediment
Faster water can carry larger sediment
When the speed of flowing water decreases, the water can no longer carry the sediment – it will settle at the bottom of the water
Wind
Strong winds can erode sediment
Soil and rock not protected by plants can be eroded by wind
Winds can deposit sand - sand dunes are formed when winds move sand from one side of the dune to the other
Ice
Moving glaciers pick up rocks and sediment
Erosion by glaciers makes deep valleys and steep peaks
When glaciers melt, the water produced is not fast enough to carry sediment – the sediment is deposited forming a morain