1. Sensation and Perception Definitions
The topics deal with the way we receive information from our environment (sensation) and the way we interpret that information (perception).
Sensation: The activation of the sense organs by a source of Physical energy. There is an awareness of the stimuli (smell, taste, pictures, heat, pressure, pain etc).
Perception: The processes of sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of the sensed stimuli. By the sense organs and the brain.
Perception is interpreting and making sense out of the information that we receive through our senses.
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2. Sensation and Perception Definitions: Concepts related to sensation
Psychophysics: The study of relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and psychological experience of them.
Absolute threshold: The smallest amount of stimulus that must be present for it to be detected.
Difference threshold: (just noticeable difference) the smallest level of change (added or reduced) stimulus required to sense the occurrence of change in stimulation.
Weber’s Law: says that the just noticeable differene is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
Adaptation: adjustment in sensory capacity. It happen when we become familiar to a stimulus. You become less sensitive to sensory stimuli.
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3. Sensation and Perception How do see?
Different senses receive information in certain ways. However, they interact with one another (read textbook p 114)
Seeing: see things (features) and colors
Feature detection: certain neurons detect visual stimuli of specific shape or patterns. (we have different systems for various stimuli). The brain combines those pieces of information.
Color: Two processes:
Trichomatic-theory: three cones. Each responds to a specific range of wavelengths.
Opponent Process: receptor cells are pairs working in opposition to each other. (e.g. blue yellow; red-green; black-white).
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4.
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5. Sensation and Perception How do we Hear?
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6. Sensation and Perception How do Hear?
Hearing, balance and speed of body.
Two theories of hearing:
1- Place theory different areas of the basilar membranes respond to different frequencies.
2- Frequency Theory: the entire basila membrane vibrate as whole in response to a sound (like a microphone).
Balance is felt through Semicircular canals. When head moves signal is given to the brain about rotation angle of the head movement.
Body Speed: is felt through Otoliths (crystals within the Semicircular canals)
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7. Sensation and Perception How do Smell?
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8. Sensation and Perception How do Smell and taste?
Wee smell through what is known as olfactory cells. Different (specialized) cells react to particular odors.
Taste:Taste bads are receptors cells responsible for smell. They are replace regularly (every ten days).
Tats and smell are related. Our taste is very much influenced by smell.
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9. Sensation and Perception How do we feel pressure, heat, pain?
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10. Sensation and Perception How do we feel (touch) pressure, heat, pain?
The skin is essential for body security it warns of any danger.
Nerve receptors cells, at different levels and areas of the skin, relay information to the brain
Pain has been the focus of studies: many factors play a role especially psychological factors. How can women surmount the terrible apin of child birth. Worriers surmount terrible pains of wounds etc..
See Gate Theory of Pain: Certain nerves are responsible and open or close the gate for the pain is to be felt (Read textbook p111 an 113)
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11. What do you see?
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12. Gestalt Laws of perception Remember: Perception is interpreting and making sense out of the information that we receive through our senses.
1- Gestalt Laws of perception
The Gestalt psychologists (Wertheimer, Kafka, and Kohler) discovered many other ways in which what we perceive is already organized.
We organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes. we often experience things that are not a part of our simple sensations
e.g. The phi phenomenon is the basic principle of motion pictures and television! Wertheimer explained that We are built to experience the structured whole as well as the individual sensations. 
We even add structure to events which do not have gestalt structural qualities.
Insight learning. This usually happens as a result of the recognition of a gestalt or organizing principle
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13. How Can Perception be explained?: The process of Perceiving
General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
How Can Perception be explained?: The process of Perceiving
1-1Figure /Ground
Things are seen as standing out from their background (Edgar Rubin )
we perceive:
- one aspect of an event as the figure
and the other as the ground
Roubin Vase
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14. Perception How Can Perception be explained?: The process of Perceiving
General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
How Can Perception be explained?: The process of Perceiving
1-2 Gestalt laws: These represent the organizing principles that form the structure of perception.
The most general is called the law of pragnanz.
Pragnanz is fulness of meaning. It appears in things like regularity, orderliness, simplicity, and symmetry. .
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15. General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
Laws of Perception
1- The law of closure says that, if something is missing in an otherwise complete figure, we will tend to add it
2-The law of similarity says that we will tend to group similar items together,
OXXXXXX XOXXXXX XXOXXXX XXXOXXX
XXXXOXX XXXXXOX XXXXXXO
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16. [ ] [ ] [ ] Perception ************** Laws of Perception
General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
Laws of Perception
3- proximity. Things that are close together as seen as belonging together.
4- symmetry. Take a look at this example to group the brackets nearest each other together
**************
[ ] [ ] [ ]
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17. Perception Laws of Perception
General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
Laws of Perception
5- continuity. When we can see a line, for example, as continuing through another
e.g. the opposite picture as composed of two lines, not as a combination of two angles...:
6-common path is immediately perceive a duck and elephant walking in one direction as a connection between them.
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18. Two theories: processing information
General Psychology Ahmed Bendania
Perception
Two theories: processing information
Ca- Yo- re-d t-is –en-en-e, w-ic- ha- ev-ry –hi-d l-tt-r m-ss-ng
Can You read this sentence, which has every third letter missing.
How did you read it. How did you recognize the missing letter to make sense of the sentence?
Two theories of processing are advanced:
1- Top down : Perception is guided by higher level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations.
2- Bottom-up: the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.
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19. Perception Related concepts
Perceptual Constancy: the perception of thing as unvarying despite the change of appearance. How do you a plane at high altitude?
Depth of Perception:
How do you see this picture?
Ability to view the world in three dimensions.
Binocular disparity, seeing differently
because of the distance. (Read page 121)
Motion perception: perceived because of movement ofpicture in retina and the movement of the head.
Perceptual illusions: (Deception of perception) Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
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20. Visual Illusions
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21. Visual Illusions THE PENROSE ILLUSION ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
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The Thiery figure

22. Visual Illusions
THE ENDLESS STAIRCASE
                                                                                                                 
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23. Interpret Pictures
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25. تأويل الصور Interpret Pictures
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