1. Blood & blood composition
Kaiu Prikk
2016

2. Blood (sanguis, hema) Connective tissue
The average adult (70 kg) has about liters of blood which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood composition: cells 45% & blood plasma 55%
Blood plasma: water (90%), dissolved proteins (albumines, globulines, fibrinogens), salts, glycose
Blood serum: is plasma minus clotting factor (fibrinogen)

4. Blood cells or formed elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granular leukocytes : neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Nongranular leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
3. Platelets or thrombocytes

5. Functions: Transport system- oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Maintain the homeostasis
Defence function
blood clotting,
immunological role: phagocytosis, inflammatory response, antibody production

6. RBC- red blood cells: no nucleus Lifespan 100-120 days
Function: O2 , CO2 transport
contain: hemoglobin (hemoglobin units with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin)
cells values at various ages
RBC count: adult M 4,5-6,0 x 1012/L; F4,0-5,5 1012/L
Hemoglobin : M ( g/l) ; F ( g/l)

7. White blood cells-WBC
WBC: neutrophils, eosinophlils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
Lk count 4-10 x 109 /L
Immunological role
Lifespan: different (few hours- few months)
Lymphocytes up to 3 months
Leukocytosis: increased number of leukocytes
Leukopenia: decreased number of leukocytes

8. Granular leukocytes
1. Neutrophils or PMN cells
phagocytes, migration to
inflamed area
2. Basophils
mediated inflammatory reactions
(secretion of histamin)
3. Eosinophils
Defence against parasites, modulation of allergic reactions

9. Nongranular leukocytes (do not have granules in their cytoplasm)
Monocytes
immune defence (phagocytosis)
2. Lymphocytes (T & B lymphocytes)
cellular immune response & antibody production

10. Leukocyte formula
Granular cells
Neutrophils 50-70%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0-1%
B. Nongranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes 20-40% (T- and B-lymphocytes)
Monocytes 2-10%

11. Thrombocytes
Cell number: x109/L
The smallest cells in blood
Lifespan: 8-10 days
Function: blood clotting, haemostasis

12. The hematocrit (Hct) measures how much space in the blood is occupied by red blood cells.
Normal Adult Female range: %
Normal Adult Male range: %

13. Anemia: RBC and Hgb
Polycytemia: RBC and Hgb
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):
is a measure of the setting of red blood cells in a tube of blood during one hour.
the rate is an indication of inflammation & increases in many diseases.
The ESR should not be used to screen healthy persons for disease
Normal value:
ESR (male): mm/hr ESR (female): mm/hr

14. Haematopoiesis: is the process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cell

15. Haemostasis
is the body's normal physiological response for the prevention and stopping of bleeding/haemorrhage.
Haemostasis consists of a 3-step procedure.
1) Primary haemostasis:
Vasoconstriction (immediate)
Platelet adhesion (within seconds)
Platelet aggregation and contraction (within minutes)
2) Secondary haemostasis:
Activation of coagulation factors (within seconds)
Formation of fibrin (within minutes)
3) Fibrinolysis:
Activation of fibrinolysis (within minutes)
Lysis of the plug (within hours)

17. Clotting disorders thrombosis, thrombembolia: 2. hemophilia
3. thrombocytopenia

18. Thrombus – a clot stays in the place where it formed
Thrombemboly: a part of the clot dislodges and circulats through the blood steam
Thromb:
1) forms locally inbroken blood vessels of the heart, brain, lungs
2) forms only from blood components

19. Coagulation disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Coagulation factors deficency
Hemophilia A (VIII factor)
Hemophilia B (IX factor)
Vitamin K deficency

20. Blood types
Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.
These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.
ABO system
Type A- A antigens on the surface of RBC and B antibodies in blood plasma.
Type B, B antigens on the surface of RBC and A antibodies in blood plasma
Type AB; both A and B antigens on the surface of RBC and no A or B antibodies at all in blood plasma.
Type 0; neither A or B antigens on the surface of RBC but both A and B antibodies in blood plasma.

21. Agglutination: Aglutinogen reacts with same aglutinin (antigen-antibody reaction) hemolysis
Reasons:
Blood transfusion ( wrong blood group)
Organ trasplantation
- Newborn Rhesus-conflict

22. Type 0 blood: ca 40 percent of the population has type 0 blood.
People who have type 0 blood/Rh- negative are called universal donors.
Type 0 blood is used for emergencies (time to test a person's blood type).
People who have type AB blood are called universal recipients. (they can get any type of blood).
Rh-system
Rh-positive: (Rh+) RBCs contain Rh factor antigen
Rh-negative (Rh-) RBCs do not contain the Rh factor

25. Test
Uses
Complete blood count (CBC),
includes:
1) white blood cell count (WBC)
2) red blood cell count (RBC)
3) platelet count
4) hematocrit red blood cell volume (HCT)
5) hemoglobin concentration (Hgb) - the 6) oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells
7) differential blood count
to aid in diagnosing anemia and other blood disorders & certain cancers of the blood;
to monitor blood loss and infection;
to monitor a patient's response to cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation.
Platelet count
To diagnose and/or monitor bleeding and clotting disorders.
Prothrombin time (PT)
To evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulation (anti-clotting) therapies.

26. Human Blood Types
2) Blood | Learn About Blood Composition And Its Functions