1. English 9 Grammar Review
Parts of Speech
English 9
Grammar Review

2. Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Ex: brother, porch, television, truth

3. Nouns
A collective noun names a group – people or things that are regarded as one unit. Ex: tribe, litter, flock, committee, batch
A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea. Ex: man, holiday, language, city
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Capitalize proper nouns. Ex: Einstein, Labor Day, Spanish, Miami

4. Nouns
A concrete noun names something perceptible to the senses – something that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted. Ex: coin, hand, fire, computer
An abstract noun names something that cannot be perceived through the senses, such as an idea, quality, emotion, or state. An abstract noun names something you can think about but cannot see or touch. Ex: jealousy, freedom, laziness

5. Now Some Practice underline the NOUNS in the following
Of all the world’s monsters, the dragon is best known.
Ancient cultures imagined the dragon as a giant snake.
During the Middle Ages, dragons were depicted with wings and legs, breathing fire.
Dragons resemble lizards in the artwork of earlier cultures.

6. Common, Proper, Concrete & Abstract Nouns What is it?
The very idea of monsters can inspire fear in children. (concrete, abstract)
A werewolf is a human who can turn into a wolf. (common, proper)
Werewolves have been part of mythology since the ancient Sumerians and Romans. (common, proper)
According to some tales, humans change themselves into werewolves by drinking water from a werewolf’s footprint. (concrete, abstract)

7. Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. The word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent. Ex: Jasmine is celebrating her birthday.
Personal pronouns refer to the first person (I), second person (you), and third person (he, she, it). Ex: I think you should be nice to him.

8. Now Some Practice find the pronoun
Sometimes I think about my childhood.
In Hide-and Seek, one player should cover her eyes.
Players may race back to touch their home base before being found.
If they are successful, they can hide again in the next game.
You may have your own memories of playing a favorite childhood game.

9. Find the Antecedent
The Mayor reviewed the budget and asked questions about it.
The discussion lasted for hours; it ended with an argument.
Malcolm and Greg do their homework in the library.
Many Europeans use bicycles as a means of transportation to and from their work.
Its location near the Sahara Desert and the Niger River made Timbuktu a thriving city.

10. Adjectives
Adjectives are modifiers – they describe other words in a sentence.
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. Ex: Hawaii has titanic waves.
An adjective qualifies or specifies the meaning of the noun it modifies. It answers one of these questions: What kind? Which one? How many? How much? Nouns, pronouns, and even articles can function as adjectives.

11. Adjectives
Articles are the most common adjective –a, an, and the are articles. Ex: the tall professor; a solid commitment..
a and an are Indefinite Articles and the is a Definite Article.
Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns. They are capitalized and often end in –n, -an, -ian, -ese, or –ish. Ex: American, Japanese, and Polish

12. Find the Adjective and the word it modifies
Everyone enjoys a relaxing day at the beach.
I can see about ten umbrellas from where I am standing.
The hot sand burned my feet.
I would never leave that beach again.
The sight of a beach ball ends this daydream.
Little children play quietly with their parents.

13. Verbs
A verb is a word used to express action, condition, or state of being.
An action verb expresses an action (physical or mental). Ex: create, steal, visualize, believe, know.

14. Verbs
A linking verb connects the subject with a word or words that identify or describe the subject. Ex: Judge Bianca is also a professor of law. The decision remains his.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, help indicate voice, mood, or tense. They are combined with verbs to form verb phrases. Ex: The officers had been planning a surprise retirement party.

15. Practice: find the verb and indicate if it’s an action, linking or auxiliary (helping) verb
Bonnie and Clyde were famous bank robbers during the 1930s.
In only two years, they killed a dozen innocent people.
They were wanted by the law for a variety of crimes.
However, the life of a criminal is often harsh and short.
Bonnie was seriously injured in an auto accident at one point.

16. Adverbs
An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Ex: The waves crash very dangerously.
Most adverbs end in –ly. They answer these questions about the words they modify: How? Where? When? To what extent?
The word not is an adverb that tells to what extent. Do not confuse it as part of the verb.

17. Practice: find the adverb and the word it modifies
We cleaned the house thoroughly last week.
Sandra rearranged the furniture yesterday.
Drivers on the expressway must be very careful.
I heard your question clearly, but I don’t know the answer.
The city often holds concerts in the park
The wind was bitterly cold during the month of December.

18. What is it? Verb, Adverb or Adjective
We were very definitely told to come to this door.
The stadium was virtually silent after our heartbreaking loss.
My grandparents usually go to bed at ten o’clock.
This speaker chooses her words quite carefully.
You need to be more meticulous when you do your proofreading.

19. Prepositions
A preposition is a word used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Ex: He yelled to the child. He yelled at the child. He yelled about the child. He yelled near the child.

20. Prepositions
A compound preposition is a preposition that consists of more than one word. Ex: according to, in addition to, prior to, by means of, on account of, in place of, in spite of, aside from.

21. Prepositions
A preposition always introduces a phrase called a prepositional phrase, which ends in a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition. If the object has modifiers, they are also part of the prepositional phrase. Ex: Drag the cursor to the very last item.

22. Practice: Find the Preposition
A quilt is simply a cover for a bed.
But, to many women, it has a deeper significance.
In colonial America, women often sewed and assembled quilts together.
These quilting parties were a chance for much-needed socialization.
Quilts were pieced together from extra cloth swatches.

23. Conjunctions and Interjections
A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words.
A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words that have equal importance in a sentence. Ex: and, but, or, for, so yet, nor
A conjunctive adverb is an adverb used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal weight in a sentence. Ex: We figured Noah wasn’t home; still, we rang his doorbell.

24. Conjunctions and Interjections
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words. Always used in pairs, they correlate with one another. Ex: Neither nor, either or, not only but also
Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses – clauses that cannot stand alone. Ex: After Paco tried snowboarding, he was hooked.

25. Conjunctions and Interjections
An interjection is a word or short phrase used to express emotion. It has no grammatical connection to other words in a sentence. Interjections are usually set off from the rest of a sentence by a comma or exclamation mark. Ex: Wow! We won! My, I have heard everything now.

26. Find the Conjunction and Interjection
Nutrition is the science that focuses on what we eat and how our bodies use that fuel.
Well, whether we like this fact or not, the foods we eat make a difference in our health.
Although we may enjoy greasy foods, they are not particularly good for us.
Your body tries hard to cope when you supply it with only junk food.
Yes, a balanced diet includes breads, meat, milk products, fruits, and vegetables.

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