3. BURNS
SKIN : EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE (FAT)

4. EPIDERMIS
OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE SKIN.

5. DERMIS
BLOOD VESSELS
NERVES
MUSCLES
OIL GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS
HAIR ROOTS

6. SKIN SENSITIVE TO HEAT, COLD, PAIN, TOUCH
PROTECTS BODY FROM INJURY, BACTERIAL, VIRAL INFECTIONS
MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE

7. TYPES OF BURNS DRY BURN FLAME SCALD STEAM, HOT LIQUIDS, TEA/COFFEE
ELECTRIC BURN LOW VOLTAGE
HIGH VOLTAGE
LIGHTNING

8. COLD INJURY FROSTBITE,
LIQUID OXYGEN
NITROGEN
CHEMICAL BURN CHEMICAL,
GASES
ELECTRIC BURN LOW VOLTAGE
HIGH VOLTAGE
LIGHTNING

9. EXTENT OF BURNS
BY USING A SIMPLE FORMULA THE ‘RULE OF NINE’ THAT DIVIDES THE BODY INTO AREAS OF ABOUT 9 PERCENT, YOU CAN CALCULATE THE EXTENT AND DECIDE WHAT MEDICAL AID IS NEEDED

11. FOR AN ADULT
ANY PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN OF ONE PERCENT OR MORE MUST BE SEEN BY A DOCTOR
A PARTIAL BURN OF OVER NINE PERCENT WILL CAUSE SHOCK TO DEVELOP AND THE CASUALTY WILL NEED HOSPITAL TREATMENT
ANY FULL-THICKNESS BURN REQUIRES HOSPITAL TREATMENT. A CHILD WITH ANY PARTIAL OR FULL THICKNESS BURNS NEEDS MEDICAL ATTENTION

12. IF 60% OF THE SKIN SURFACE (40%IN THE VERY OLD OR YOUNG) IS BURNED, KIDNEY FAILURE IS LIKELY TO OCCUR UP TO SIX WEEKS AFTR THE BURN IS SUSTAINED

13. DEPTH OF BURNS SUPERFICIAL BURN ( FIRST DEGREE) OUTERLAYER IS BURNT
REDNESS, SWELLING, TENDERNESS
5 – 6 DAYS

14. SUPERFICIAL BURN

15. DEPTH OF BURN
ERYTHEMA – REDNESS OF SKIN. NONFLUID LOSS

16. PARTIAL BURN (SECOND DEGREE)
BLISTERS
NEEDS MEDICAL AID
OVER 60% IS FATAL
3 – 4 WEEKS

17. PARTIAL BURN

18. PARTIAL SKIN LOSS – EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS ARE PRESERVED – WOUND HEALS, SPONTANEOUSLY

19. FULL – THICKNESS BURN (THIRD DEGREE)
ALL LAYERS ARE BURNT
DAMAGE TO THE NERVES FAT TISSUE MUSCLE
SKIN WAXY, PALE, CHARRED
URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION

20. FULL THICKNESS BURN

21. BURN SEVERITY
THE TWO PRIMARY FACTORS CONSIDERED IN RATING BURN SEVERITY ARE BODY SURFACE AREA AND LOCATION

22. >10% >30% <50% >50%
SEVERITY
MINOR
MODERATE
CRITICAL
3rd Degree
2nd Degree
< 2% %
Excluding face, feet, hands, genitalia or resp. tract
<15% %
>10%
>30%
1st Degree
<50%
>50%
Involves face, feet, genitalia, resp. tract, hands
Complicated by musc. Skeletal injuries.
Complicated by resp. tract injuries, STI and bones

23. MODERATE BURNS
IN A PATIENT LESS THAN 5 YEARS OF AGE
AND MORE THAN 55 YEARS OF AGE ARE CONSIDERED CRITICAL.

24. WHOLE SKIN LOSS
ALL EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS ARE DESTROYED

25. ACTIONS
COLD RUNNING WATER FOR ATLEAST 10 MINUTES - STOPS BURNING RELIEVES PAIN
REMOVE JEWELLERY, WATCHES, BELTS, CONSTRICTING CLOTHES
DO NOT BREAK BLISTERS
DO NOT APPLY ADHESIVE DRESSINGS
DO NOT APPLY LOTIONS, OINTMENTS

26. COVER AREA WITH STERILE DRESSINGS
MONITOR A-B-C
SHIFT QUICKLY TO HOSPITAL

27. NO OINTMENTS LOTIONS OR HOME REMEDIES SHOULD BE USED EXCEPT FOR MINOR BURNS. COVER THE BURNT AREA WITH CLEAN CLOTH – TRANSPORT TO BURN CENTRE

28. BLISTERS
THIN BUBBLES KNOWN AS BLISTERS ARE CAUSED BY TISSUE FLUID (SERUM) LEAKING INTO THE INTO THE BURNED AREA BELOW THE SKIN’S SURFACE. DURING HEALING, NEW SKIN FORMS AT THE BASE OF THE BLISTER; SERUM IS RE-ABSORBED AND THE OUTER LAYER OF DEAD SKIN WILL EVENTUALLY PEEL OFF.

29. WHAT YOU SHOULD DO
NEVER BREAK A BLISTER AS YOU MAY INTRODUCE INFECTION TO THE WOUND

30. A BLISTER REQUIRES NO TREATMENT
IF IT BREAKS, OR IS LIKELY TO BE DAMAGED, COVER THE INJURED AREA WITH A DRY NON ADHESIVE DRESSING THAT EXTENDS WELL BEYOND THE EDGES OF THE BLISTER. LEAVE IN PLACE UNTIL THE BLISTER HEALS

32. DO NOT’S OF BURN CARE
OVERCOOL THE CASUALTY; THIS TREATMENT CARRIES WITH IT THE RISK OF LOWERING THE BODY TEMPERATURE TO A DANGEROUS LEVEL (HYPOTHERMIA) IF THE BURNS COVER A LARGE PART OF THE BODY.

33. REMOVE ANYTHING STICKING TO THE BURN; YOU MAY CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE AND INTRODUCE INFECTION INTO THE WOUND

34. BREAK BLISTERS
APPLY ADHESIVE DRESSINGS OR ADHESIVE TAPE TO THE SKIN; THE BURN MAY BE MORE EXTENSIVE THAN IT FIRST APPEARS
APPLY LOTIONS, OINTMENTS, OR FATS TO THE INJURY; THEY CAN FURTHER DAMAGE THE TISSUES AND INCREASE THE RISK OF INFECTION

35. MINOR BURNS ----- UPTO 5% OF BODY SURFACE
MAJOR BURNS % - 15% - SHOCK CASES

36. BURNS CHEMICAL BURNS ACID BURNS
NEUTRALISE THE ACID BY USING A BUFFERED PHOSPHATE SOLUTION OR A 10% SODIUM BICARBONATE SOLUTION. FOLLOW IT WITH WATER IRRIGATION.

37. ALKALI BURN
WASH WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER FOLLOWED BY BUFFERED PHOSPHATE SOLUTION. DILUTE VINEGAR (2 TEASPOONS TO A PINT OF WATER).

38. PHENOL BURN
DO NOT USE WATER. USE INSTEAD METHYLATED SPIRIT

39. IF ANTIDOTE SOLUTION IS NOT AVAILABLE – DO NOT WASTE TIME – ALKALI OR ACID BURN SHOULD BE WASHED OFF IN RUNNING WATER.

40. DEEP PARTIAL SKIN LOSS – ONLY SEBACEOUS, SWEAT GLANDS, HAIR FOLLICLES SURVIVE .
HEALING IS SLOW – 3-4 WEEKS.

41. APPROACH A VICTIM OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTICITY UNTIL YOU ARE OFFICIALLY INFORMED THAT THE CURRENT HAS BEEN SWITCHED OFF AND ISOLATED

43. BURNS TO MOUTH AND THROAT
RECOGNITION FEATURES
SOOT AROUND THE MOUTH AND NOSE.
BURNED NASAL HAIRS
BURNS TO MOUTH AND NOSE
DIFFICULTY IN SPEAKING
DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING

44. ACTIONS MAKE YOUR INITIAL ASSESSMENT THE DRABC
ARRANGE FOR TRANSPORT AND REMOVE TO MEDICAL FACILITY AS SOON ASPOSSIBLE ANS SAY THE CASUALTY IS SUFFERING FROM BURNS TO THE AIRWAY.
ENSURE THE CASUALTY HAS ADEQUATE AIR SUPPLY; LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING AROUND THE NECK.

45. IF THE CASUALTY IS CONSCIOUS GIVE SIPS OF COLD WATER
IF THE CASUALTY SHOWS SIGNS OF LOOSING CONSCIOUSNESS THEN PLACE IN THE RECOVERY POSITION
BE PREPARED TO RESUSCITATE

46. DRESSING A BURN
BURNS AND SCALDS MUST BE COVERED TO PROTECT THEM FROM INFECTION BY AIRBONE BACTERIA.
USE A STERILE DRESSING, IF POSSIBLE, OR IMPROVISE A DRESSING WITH CLEAN, NON FLUFFY MATERIAL, SUCH AS:

47. A PORTION OF CLEAN SHEET OR PILLOWCASE
PLASTIC KITCHEN FILM – DISCARD THE FIRST TWO TURNS FROM THE ROLL
A FOLDED TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
A CLEAN PLASTIC BAG FOR A BURNED HAND OR FOOT. SECURE IT WITH A BANDAGE OR ADHESIVE TAPE OVER THE PLASTIC, NOT THE SKIN

49. CLOTHING ON FIRE WHAT CAN YOU DO?
STOP THE CASUALTY PANICKING OR RUNNING AROUND OR OUTSIDE; ANY MOVEMENT OR BREEZE WILL FAN THE FLAMES.

50. DROP THE CASUALTY TO THE GROUND
IF POSSIBLE, WRAP THE
CASUALTY TIGHTLY IN A COAT, CURTAIN, BLANKET (NOT NYLON OR CELLULAR TYPE), RUG, OR OTHER HEAVY FABRIC. THE BEST FABRIC FOT THIS IS WOOL.

52. ROLL THE CASUALTY ALONG THE GROUND UNTIL THE FLAMES HAVE BEEN SMOTHERED