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Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University

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1 Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University
PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

2 From Fertilized Egg to You
Chapter 9 Development of the Nervous System From Fertilized Egg to You Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Neurodevelopment Neural development is an ongoing process; the nervous system is plastic. A Complex Process Experience plays a key role. There are dire consequences when something goes wrong. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Case of Genie At age 13, Genie weighed 62 pounds and could not chew solid food. She had been beaten, starved, restrained, kept in a dark room, and denied normal human interactions. Even with special care and training after rescue, her behavior never became normal. The case of Genie illustrates the impact of severe deprivation on development. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
Believed to Underlie Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Function No single theory explains the function of this area. Prefrontal cortex plays a role in working memory, planning and carrying out sequences of actions, and inhibiting inappropriate responses. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Neuroplasticity in Adults
The mature brain changes and adapts. Neurogenesis (growth of new neurons) is seen in the olfactory bulbs and hippocampuses of adult mammals: adult neural stem cells created in the ependymal layer lining in ventricles and adjacent tissues. Enriched environments and exercise can promote neurogenesis. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism
Three Core Symptoms Reduced ability to interpret emotions and intentions Reduced capacity for social interaction Preoccupation with a single subject or activity Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism (Con’t)
Intensive behavioral therapy may improve function. Heterogenous: level of brain damage and dysfunction varies Often Considered a Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorders Asperger’s syndrome Mild autism spectrum disorder in which cognitive and linguistic functions are well preserved Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Autism (Con’t)
Incidence: 6.6 per 1,000 Births (or 1 in 166) 80 percent of those affected are males, 60 percent are mentally retarded, 35 percent are epileptic, and 25 percent have little or no language ability. Most have some abilities preserved: e.g., rote memory, jigsaw puzzles, musical ability, or artistic ability. Autistic savants: intellectually handicapped individuals who display specific cognitive or artistic abilities Approximately 1 in 10 autistic individuals display savant abilities. Perhaps a consequence of compensatory functional improvement in one area following damage to another Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Genetic Basis of Autism
Siblings of the autistic have a 5 percent chance of being autistic There is a 60 percent concordance rate for monozygotic twins. Several Genes Interacting with the Environment Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Neural Mechanisms of Autism
Understanding of brain structures involved in autism is still limited; so far, research has implicated: Cerebellum Amygdala Frontal cortex There are two lines of research on cortical involvement in autism. Abnormal response to faces in autistic patients Spend less time than non-autistic subjects looking at faces, especially eyes Low fMRI activity in fusiform face area Possibly deficient in mirror neuron function Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Williams Syndrome
Rare neurodevelopmental disorder 1 in Every 7,500 Births Mental Retardation and an Uneven Pattern of Abilities and Disabilities People with Williams syndrome are sociable, empathetic, and talkative; they exhibit language skills, music skills, and an enhanced ability to recognize faces. Profound Impairments in Spatial Cognition Those with Williams syndrome usually have heart disorders associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 7; the gene (and others) is absent in 95 percent of those with Williams. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 Disorders of Neurodevelopment: Williams Syndrome (Con’t)
There is evidence for a role of chromosome 7 (as in autism). General Thinning of Cortex at Juncture of Occipital and Parietal Lobes, and at the Orbitofrontal Cortex “Elfin” Appearance: Short, Small, Upturned Noses; Oval Ears; Broad Mouths Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


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