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PHYLUM CHORDATA
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KEY CONCEPT All vertebrates share common structures and characteristics.
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Most chordates lose some or all of these characteristics in adulthood.
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Key concept all vertebrates are chordates not all chordates are vertebrates
Sea squirts Subphylum. Urochordata Subphylum. Vertebrata Subphylum. Cephalochordata Phylum. Chordata Chordata Lancelet
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Phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates
Chordates share common features or structures at some stage of development at some point in their life cycle. Notochord Long, firm rod that extends along the back of the animal becomes the vertebral column Hollow nerve cord Hollow tube that in chordates that becomes the brain and spinal cord pharyngeal slits Gills in the throat region Postanal tail hollow nerve cord tail notochord pharyngeal slits
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brain Dorsal nerve cord Postanal tail Pharyngeal slits
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Chordate Characteristics
Bilateral symmetry Two pairs of appendages Cephalization Closed circulatory system Coelom – body cavity that contains vital organs Internal skeleton deuterostomes
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An endoskeleton allows vertebrates to grow to large sizes.
internal made of bone or cartilage An endoskeleton can be divided into two parts. Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton braincase braincase (cranium) vertebrae Pectoral girdle vertebrae Pelvic girdle Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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Skeleton becomes stronger to work with bigger muscles
More complex for better motor control Sensory detection of the animals environment (brain) Skeleton becomes stronger to work with bigger muscles Allows more rapid movement nervous skeletal Stronger heart to circulate blood faster Adaptations circulation respiration Digest more food Muscularized gut parastalsis Digestive glands Liver Pancreas digestive Gill slit and muscular pharynx will move more water over gills More oxygen is extracted from water
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DON’T COPY Subphylum Urochordata
Sea squirt Gill slits (pharyngeal slits) Notochord Only in larva Adult has tunic
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Fig. 23.5
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Fig. 23.7
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DON’T COPY Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelet Amphioxus Notochord length of body Dorsal hollow nerve cord Gill slits Segmented muscles
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Amphioxus
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There are seven classes of vertebrates.
1. Agnatha 2. Chondrichthyes 3. Osteichthyes 4. Amphibians 5. Reptilia 6. Aves 7. Mammalia
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Kingdom Animalia Phyla Chordates 7 classes
characteristics Separation chacteristic Skeleton Circulation heart habitat appendages respiration Agnatha Chondrarithes osticthesis Amphibia Reptilia Aves mammalia
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Main Characteristic 4 reptiles scales Agnatha Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes Amphibia Aves Mammalia 2 JAWS Jaws 1 Agnatha Jaw is missing. 3. amphibia Four limbs 5 aves Feathers 6 mammals Hair jawless cartilaginous fish bony fish amphibians birds mammals 4 reptiles scales
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There are 30,000 species of Fish – 20,000 are Marine.
The dominant aquatic vertebrates are the fish. 97% of fish are bony fishes. They belong to Phylum Chordata. Most fish use counter shading as a means of camouflage.
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Characteristics of All Fish
They are aquatic They are cold blooded They have a backbone They have paired fins They breath with gills Lateral line system Developed brain
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Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins.
Fish use specialized organs called gills to breathe underwater. sheets of thick, frilly tissue filled with capillaries take in dissolved oxygen from water, release carbon dioxide Have countercurrent flow water flow
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Fins are appendages that project from a fish’s body.
keep fish stable redirect water around fish as it swims help fish maneuver in water
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All fish have a lateral line system.
sensory system sensitive to small changes in water movement lateral line
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Parts of the fish brain Olfactory lobe cerebrum Optic lobe cerebellum
Medulla
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body regions of a fish thorax tail . head
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Dorsal fin Fins Caudal fin Pectoral fin Pelvic Fin Anal fin
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Class Agnatha Tunicates (worms) may be the closest relatives to vertebrates. The first recognizable vertebrates were jawless fish. Two groups of jawless fish still exist today. hagfish lampreys
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Lampreys teeth Characteristics mouth Mouth structures
Jawless Smooth skin Cylinder-like bodies Bones made of cartilage parasitic teeth Oral disk mouth Mouth structures Sucker like mouth Rasping teeth Oral disk
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Feeding reproduction Reproduction Fasten to the side of a fish
Flip their body scrap a hole in the side Suck out the blood & tissues Reproduction reproduction Freshwater lakes and streams Lay eggs in hollows made in gravel Eggs are fertilized externally Worm like larvae hatch and burrow into the gravel They remain there for 3 years
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Hagfish Bottom dwellers Cold ocean waters 5 – 15 pairs of gills
Mucus-secreting glands all over their bodies Sometimes called slime eels Poorly developed eyesight Slit-like toothed mouths Scavengers Hermaphrodites Produce sperm one year and eggs the next Internal fertilization Young hatch and look like the adult
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Only two groups of jawed fish still exist.
Cartilaginous fish and bony fish are still in existence.
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Jaws evolved from gill supports.
Jaws developed from gill arches located around the pharynx. cranium mouth gill arches Jaws gave vertebrates a huge advantage as predators.
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Orders Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish have skeletons made of cartilage Orders Holocephali include ratfish, a small group of deep-sea fish. Elasmobranchs include sharks, rays, and skates. Rat fish
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characteristics There are 300 species of cartilaginous fish
Jaws lined with rows of teeth that are constantly replaced Skin is covered with small pointed teeth – placoid scales 5 – 7 pairs of gills Two chambered heart Separate sexes Fertilization is internal Marine Carnivorous Detect prey with lateral lines system
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Sharks Liver controls their buoyancy
Dermal denticles - teeth like scales allow them to taste with their skin Ampullae of Lorenzini in their jaws allow them to sense electrical impulses They are all muscles and skin and can’t take much abuse
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Skates/Rays Have gills on their ventral side use spiracles to breath on top of their head primarily feed on mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and occasionally smaller fishes. Some rays crush their prey between their blunt teeth, sometimes referred to as bony plates Often completely burying themselves in the sand or soft sediment camouflaged by a grayish-brown, often mottled coloration
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Skates/Rays More than 200 species have been described, in 27 genera slow growth rates and, since they mature late, low reproductive rates Among the best know rays are stingrays, which have long, slim, whiplike tails armed with serrated, venomous spines. A stingray lashes its tail only as a defensive measure when it is caught, stepped on, or otherwise disturbed.
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Presence of a Barb Absence of a Barb – sharp spines Southern Stingray
Butterfly Ray Dasyatis americana Gymnura micrura Absence of a Barb Presence of a Barb Clearnose Skate Absence of a Barb – sharp spines
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Omit Great whites and the red triangle
Where is the greatest concentration of great whites in the US Why is it called the red triangle? What are the main food sources of the sharks? Where is the red triangle? How often do sharks need to feed? Where do they patrol? What has caused the greatest reduction in their numbers? What has been their saving grace?
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Ray on the left Skates on the right
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The major difference between rays and skates is in their reproductive strategies. Rays are live bearing (viviparous) while skates are egg laying (oviparous), releasing their eggs in hard rectangular cases sometimes called "mermaid´s purses". Also, skates typically have a prominent dorsal fin while the dorsal fin is absent or greatly reduced in rays.
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Most rays are kite-shaped with whip-like tails possessing one or two stinging spines while skates have fleshier tails and lack spines. Rays protect themselves with these stinging spines or barbs while skates rely on thorny projections on their backs and tails to for protection from predators. rays are generally much larger than skates.
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External structures
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female Muscles tissue male
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liver Gill slits Internal structures
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External Shark Anatomy Lab
Draw the lateral view of the shark Label the following structures Lateral line Spiracle Eyes Gill slits rostum Fins Anterior dorsal Posterior dorsal Caudal Pelvic pectorial
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Ventral view Chart all of the structures and functions
Chart the fins give the name, number and function Sex your shark What is the number of teeth rows What is the number of gill slits Describe the feel of the shark Label the fins Label the following structures Clasper Cloacal opening Gill slits Nostrils Mouth ampullae of Lorenzini
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Internal examination of the shark
Draw and label each system Chart each system List all structures in bold print Give their function
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