1. ECONOMY DURING THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD
TOWARDS A NATIONAL ECONOMY

2. Main Goals of CUP’s Policy of National Economy
Creation of Muslim/Turkish bourgeoisie
Developing the national industry
Limiting the foreign intervention

3. Yusuf Akçura
“If the Turks fail to produce among themselves a bourgeois class by profiting from European capitalism, the chances of a survival of a Turkish society composed only of peasants and officials will be very slim”
Türk Yurdu 1917

4. National Economy Corporatist model
Ziya Gökalp
Moiz Kohen (Munis Tekinalp)
Corporatist model
Division of labour and solidarity in the society based on occupational groups
No class conflict
Class conflict
Economy should be based on big production units
Industrialization under state supervision

5. Towards a National Economy
1908 Muslim Boycott of Austrian goods
Muslim Boycott of 1913

6. Minister of Finance : Cavit Bey

7. State Support and New Legislations
1913 Law on the Encouragement of Industry
1913 Committee of National Defense –national mobilization
Internal customs were removed
Imports of machinery and equipment exempted from tax
School for Railway Employees

8. State Support and New Legislations
Establishment of monopolies controlled by Turkish/Muslim entrepreneurs
State sponsored economy journals
1916 Usage of Turkish language in all trade relations became obligatory

9. Inititatives and Organizations
Establishment of Joint Stock Companies and Banks
The National Credit Bank, The National Bank of Economy, National Produce Company, National Cloth Company
1912 National Consumers’ Society
1915 Esnaf Cemiyeti (The Society of Tradesman)
1916 Establishment of Agricultural Bank
German experts & 150 students sent to Germany

10. Economic Problems during the WWI
Labor Shortage
Inflation
Problems in Trade
Allied occupation of trade routes
Insufficient railway network

11. Economic Problems during WWI
Decline in Production
Budget Deficit
Higher Taxes
Reducing the Salaries of State Employees
Cash inadequacy
Black market
No European loans

12. Kara Kemal

13. Economic Problems during WWI
Decline in agricultural production and increase in demand
Wartime Food Supply Policies
1916 Agricultural Obligations Law
Confiscation of raw materials
Consolidating the power of the landowners
1914 Capitulations were abolished unilaterally
Wartime profiteering (332 tüccarları)

14. Family, Feminism and the State

16. Secularization in the sphere of family
Women and the public life
The “new family” and the “new life”
Top-down approach to female emancipation
The role of women in the war economy

17. Focus on Family Women as “mothers of nation”
Upbringing the enlightened generations
“National Family”
Family as cell of society
Moral degradation due to wars, migrations, poverty, losses
prostitution

18. New Laws and Reforms for Women
1913 – Primary education became obligatory for girls
1914 – İnas Darülfünunu was opened
1917 – Family Law
Right to take initiative for divorce
Marriages before magistrate
Brides to be aged over 16
Encouraging marriage through economic incentives
1918 – segregation between sexes at the university ended
Manpower shortage: during various wars and especially
World War I because of the scarcity of male labour, women entered into professions which were exclusive domain of men (Bedra Osman Hanım)

19. Women periodicals from the 2nd Constitutional Era
Demet
Kadınlar Dünyası

20. Associations established by Women
2 types:
philantrophic & feminist
Philantrophic associations:
The Women’s Section of the Red Crescent Society
The Society for Aid to Needy Soldier Families
Feminist associations:
The Society for the Elevation of Women [Teali-i Nisvan Cemiyeti]
The Society for the Defence of Women’s Rights [Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Nisvan Cemiyeti]