1. ANALYZE

2. From Crisis to Empire
Chapter 19

3. Main Points New Political Parties Acts to fix; American Imperialism
National government
Economy
Currency
American Imperialism

4. Stalwarts vs. Half-Breeds
Tradition
Everything is fine the way it has always been
Half-Breed
Reform
Change the way the country runs
President Garfield assassinated over siding with half-breeds
President Arthur kept reform appointees

5. Elections of 1884 and 1888 1884 Cleveland reduced tariff rates 1888
Cleveland vs. Blaine
219 E.V. : 182
Cleveland wins by only 23,000 popular vote
Cleveland reduced tariff rates
Senate challenged by raising tariff rates
1888
Harrison supports high tariffs
Cleveland vs. Harrison
168 E.V. : 233
Cleveland won popular by 100,000

6. Popular vote margin was <> 23,000 votes
1884 Election
Popular vote margin was <> 23,000 votes

7. 1888 Election

8. Fixing the Economy Sherman Antitrust-Act McKinley Tariff
Monopolies and trusts officially outlawed
Problem: “monopoly” and “trust” never defined
Impossible to enforce
McKinley Tariff
Highest protective tariff ever passed by Congress
Public turned against the Republicans
Causes Grover Cleveland to win election of 1892

9. Fixing the Economy Interstate Commerce Act
First ever federal regulations on transportation
Banned discriminating on rates for farmers
Impossible to enforce
Again, wording never defined
Rail rates must be “reasonable and just”

10. People Respond The Grangers Founded by Oliver Kelley
“National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry”
Bring scientific agriculture to farms
Create feeling of community for farmers
Push for better conditions for farmers
Monopolies on railroads and warehouses must end
Farmers joined to create their own

11. People’s Party The Populist Party Expand money supply
“Free silver”
Have silver to back currency not just gold
Increase supply
Shorter work week for labor
Restrictions on immigration
Legalize strikes
Government control
Warehouses
Railroads
Telephones
Graduated income tax
Currency inflation

12. Review Reading from the Weekend

13. Panic of 1890s
Financial panic worldwide caused businesses, banks, and agriculture to fail
Bimetallism
Recognize both gold and silver for currency
More money in circulation
Causes inflation

14. Panic of 1890s William Jennings Bryan Conservative Victory 1896
The gold standard is crushing the working class
“Cross of Gold” Speech
Youngest candidate for president in U.S. history
Conservative Victory 1896
Republican – McKinley
Spent $7 million on campaigning
Democrat – Bryan
Spent $300,000
McKinley wins

15. American Imperialism The New Manifest Destiny Options
Americans had conquered the west
Expand or die off
Options
Latin America
Former/current colonies of Europe
Unstable
Pacific
Islands
Some colonized by Europe, others not

16. American Imperialism Foreign trade European expansion
$392 million
$1.4 billion
Colonies = guaranteed buyers
Raw materials we need
European expansion
Europeans taking land in Asia and Africa
There soon will be no good land left

17. Imperialism and Colonial Possessions, 1900
(Note the impact of the Monroe Doctrine)

18. International Darwinism
Inferior races should be ruled over by superior ones
Anglo-Saxon Christians, should spread Christianity to the entire world
Strong nations should dominate weaker ones
Anglo-Saxon/Teutonic races possessed highest intelligence and talents

19. Monroe Doctrine Western hemisphere off limits to European interests
Could never enforce the policy
Ship building
By 1900 US has third largest navy in the world
Can actually enforce the Monroe Doctrine

20. Hawaii and Samoa Americans set up sugar plantations in Hawaii
Diseases devastate Hawaiians
1881 Queen Liliuokalani challenges US control
1893 American planters stage revolt
US Marines show up to protect American lives and investments
Liliuokalani yields authority to US business men
1898 Hawaii annexed into US
Samoa used as a way station for US ships

21. Hawaii & Samoa
In 1878, the Hayes administration obtained a US Naval station in Pago Pago
UK and Germany wanted part of Samoa, and a deal was forged to share power

22. Cuban Revolt Cuba and Puerto Rico = last of Spanish empire
1895 Cubans revolt against Spanish rule
Spain uses brutal tactics
American newspapers publish the war atrocities
By 1897 U.S. still not militarily involved

23. War with Spain

24. U.S. Gets Involved De Lome Letter USS Maine
Spanish minister in Washington D.C. called President McKinley weak
USS Maine
U.S. ship blows up in Havana harbor
260 Americans die
Ship most likely accidently blew itself up
Americans assume Spain blew up the ship
“Remember the Maine!”
Americans push for war

25. War with Spain McKinley hopes to avoid war Others push for war
Assistant Secretary of the Navy – Theodore Roosevelt
Secretary of State John Hay “a splendid little war”
Negotiations fail on April 25, 1898, U.S. declares war with Spain

26. “A Splendid Little War”
Declared in April
Over by August
Cubans had already weakened Spanish
Only 460 Americans KIA
5,200 die from disease
Major supply problems
Shortage of ammo and rifles
Heavy uniforms
Racial issues
Black soldiers fought in segregated units
Saw integrated Cuban units

27. The Philippines

28. The Philippines
Roosevelt instructed Commodore George Dewey to attack the Philippines when war breaks out
May 1, 1898 Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila
Dewey promoted to Admiral
War aim changes
Strip Spain of colonies

29. Cuba

30. Cuban War Two major battles July 16, Spain surrenders El Caney
San Juan Hill
Rough Riders
Volunteer Cavalry unit
Led by Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt becomes national hero
July 16, Spain surrenders

31. Theodore Roosevelt and members of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, Cuba, 1898.

32. Armistice Terms Spain must recognize Cuban independence
Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Guam to US
Spain accepts U.S. occupation of the Philippines

33. Warm Up Be Ready to map the following countries on a blank map;
Philippines
Samoa
Guam
Cuba
Puerto Rico
China
England
France
Germany
Russia
Spain
U.S.A.
Hawaii

34. Philippine Debate
After the war Puerto Rico quietly accepted for annexation
In the Caribbean, close by, easily could become a state someday
Philippines
Large island chain in the Pacific
Far away, unlikely to ever become a state
Treaty of Paris
Ceded to the US for $20 million

35. Philippine Debate Imperialists Anti-Imperialists
For annexation
Giving them back to Spain “cowardly and dishonorable”
Independence irresponsible
“unfit for self-government”
Solution
Educate and Christianize the Filipinos
Opens new markets and trading base
Pacific military base
Imperialism is immoral
Against American commitment to human freedom
Would require foreign alliances, no longer self-sufficient isolationists
Could pollute American population with inferior Asian races

36. Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899
Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
(First of seven stanzas)
This famous poem, written by Britain's imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

37. Anti-Imperialist League
Movement that arose to combat annexation
Supporters included Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie and Samuel Gompers

38. Mark Twain, Anti-Imperialist
But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. . .It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.

40. 1900 Election Philippines head the debate Democrat Republican
William Jennings Bryan
Anti-Imperialist
Republican
William McKinley
Imperialist
New Vice President
Theodore Roosevelt, national war hero
McKinley wins
Nation favors imperialism

41. Republican Campaign Poster

42. 1900 Election

43. America as an Empire
Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico had no real problems
Cuba and Philippines would have challenges
Larger populations
Resistant to change
Cuba
Original constitution made no mention to U.S.

44. Platt Amendment U.S. Congress passes Platt Amendment
Cuba barred from making treaties with other nations
U.S. can intervene in Cuba whenever necessary
American naval base in Cuba
Cubans left with little political independence

45. The Philippine War
American realize subjugating people requires military force
200,000 troops, 4,300 deaths
Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Guerrilla warfare vs. U.S.

46. The Philippine War American frustrated by guerrilla warfare
Begin to engage in brutal tactics themselves
Over 15 Filipinos killed for every 1 wounded
Filipino casualty estimates 50,000 – 220,000
1902 reports of U.S. brutality surface in U.S. news
By then the war was over
William Howard Taft becomes civilian governor

47. China By 1900, China is weak and ripe for exploitation
England, France, Germany, Russia and Japan begin carving up China

48. America’s Open Door Policy
U.S. wants access to China
John Hay proposed “Open Door Policy”
Each nation has a right to China
Chinese officials collect tariffs
Nations do not tax each other within their own Chinese spheres
Other nations are not thrilled, some reject the policy
Unrest begins in China itself

49. The Boxer Rebellion

50. The Boxer Rebellion
A secret Chinese society launches a revolt against foreigners
Boxers drive foreigners all the way to their embassies
Imperial powers send troops into China
August 1900 they take Peking (Beijing)
After rebellion put down, other nations agree to Open Door Diplomacy

51. Imperialism Reform War with Spain reveals issues with military
Would have been crushed by a more powerful nation
Elihu Root appointed Secretary of War
Overhaul the U.S. military
25,000 to 100,000
Establish federal standards for National Guard
Officer training school
Joint Chiefs of Staff established