1. From Renaissance to Revolution
Chapter 4-3
From Renaissance to Revolution

2. Objectives
Explain advances in arts, science and nationhood achieved during the Renaissance.
Identify the causes of the Reformation.
Compare the causes and results of revolutions in the Americas and Europe.

3. The Renaissance was caused by interest in education, art, and science.
Madonna of the Rocks – There are several versions of this work by Leonardo da Vinci

4. Nope, the Teenaged Mutant Ninja Turtles were not part of Renaissance despite their names! Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Rafael.

5. Two famous artists were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti.
This Pieta (the dead Jesus being held by his mother) is by Michelangelo.
About 1500

6. Self-Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci –The Renaissance Man
Sculptor
Painter
Inventor
Designer of Costumes
Scientist
Architect

7. Da Vinci’s helicopter design His notebooks, left to the French king, have helped make him famous

8. Some Sketches by Leonardo
Leonardo got in trouble in Florence, Italy because he used cadavers to study the human body.
This reminds me of the painting in Ever After!

9. Some More Sketches by Leonardo

10. Lady with an Ermine by da Vinci
Like many of his works, this painting was actually unfinished.

11. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci 1503-1505 She may be seen in the Louvre in Paris, France

12. Mona Lisa FACTS Her positive identify is not known.
daVinci kept the painting with him until the end of his life.
This painting on wood was cut-down from its original size by daVinci.
daVinci left this, along with many other of his personal belongings to the king of France.
It cannot be bought for any price.
It was once stolen, found later and returned to Paris.

13. Some Crazy and Not So Crazy Speculation
Mona Lisa
Some Crazy and Not So Crazy Speculation
Some say it’s a self-portrait of daVinci in drag
Some say he was in love with the lady, but couldn’t have her, so he kept the painting.
She might have been Lisa Gheradoni, a rich man’s mistress. Rich guy had married by the time daVinci finished it, so he wouldn’t pay for it.

14. St. Anne, Virgin and Child
One can certainly see similarities to the Mona Lisa in this work by Leonardo

15. The Last Supper by da Vinci - 1498

16. The Last Supper Most reproduced painting in the world.
This is a fresco, tempura paint on damp plaster. This means the paint soaks down into the plaster.

17. The Last Supper
daVinci tried a new blend of paint, so that he could paint on dry plaster and wouldn’t have to works so fast and steady.
His new paint was a total disaster, and the paint began flaking off within a few years.

18. The Last Supper
It has recently been restored and probably looks better than it ever did!

19. This shows how he used perspective to make it look like they were sitting in a room.

21. St. John the Baptist is daVinci’s last known work.

22. Michelangelo lived in the same time period as daVinci, but was a generation younger.

23. David is Michelangelo’s most famous sculpture.

24. Moses by Michelangelo 1513-1515 Michelangelo’s preferred sculpture to other art forms

25. The Sistine Chapel Ceiling and Altar Wall Were Painted by Michelangelo

26. The Creation by Michelangelo

27. Michelangelo Didn’t Want to Paint the Ceiling Because It was Not Important
He agreed to do it only if he total artistic freedom.

28. The Ceiling is a mixture of Biblical and Mythological Characters.

29. Later, an artist was hired to paint pants on all of the nude figures
Later, an artist was hired to paint pants on all of the nude figures. It ruined his career.

30. Twenty Years After Completing the Ceiling, Michelangelo was hired to paint the wall behind the Altar.

31. The Altar Wall is the Judgment Day With Christ Judging the Resurrected.

32. These are People Cast Down.

33. The Holy Family by Michelangelo 1504
The Holy Family by Michelangelo This is the only movable piece by Michelangelo.

34. Michelangelo was also famous for his architecture
Michelangelo was also famous for his architecture. His most famous architectural design is the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He died before it was finished.

35. Pieta by Michelangelo 1550. This is an unfinished piece he was working on at the time of his death.

36. The Entombment by Rafael

37. Mary Magdalene by Donatello

38. The Trinity by Masaccio 1426

39. The Protestant Reformation was begun by a German Catholic priest named Martin Luther.
NOT Martin Luther King Jr.

40. Luther’s originally protested against the Catholic churches sale of Indulgences.
An indulgence was a paper signed by the Pope which released a dead person’s soul from Purgatory- a bad place for those whose sins were not forgiven when they died.

41. Indulgences
The church taught that when one died the good deeds versus the bad deeds were placed on a balance scale.
If the good deeds outweighed the bad – then you went to Paradise.
If the bad outweighed the good you went to Purgatory to do penance or pay for your sins.

42. Indulgences
However, some people were so good that there was “grace” left over.
The pope had the right to apply that grace to someone’s soul in order to release them from Purgatory.
Some people were good, but died without “The Last Rites” and so were in Purgatory – suffering.

43. Indulgences
In the beginning the Pope granted indulgences because someone had died without the last rites…like on the battlefield.
But then a Pope needed a fundraiser…so it was decided these indulgences would be sold...so this was sort of the bake sale of the Middle Ages.
An indulgence was a piece of paper signed by the pope granting forgiveness from sins and thus release from purgatory.

44. Indulgences
Those selling indulgences could charge whatever they wished.
One seller named Tetzel promised “As soon as gold in the coffer rings…the soul to heaven springs.”
Luther wrote 95 reasons he thought the sale of indulgences was wrong and nailed them to the door of a church building.

45. Eventually Luther was excommunicated by the Pope, meaning he was thrown out of the church. Luther and his followers formed their own church, now known as the Lutheran church.

46. He was followed by many others, who objected to many different practices of the Roman Catholic church. Because they protested against the Catholic church, they became known as Protestants.

47. The movement to change the Catholic church was known as the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic church launched a campaign to restore the church; it was called the Counter-Reformation. Wars over religion went on for hundreds of years.
Today there are hundreds of Christian churches all over the world.

48. Three famous Renaissance writers were Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, and Miguel de Cervantes.

49. Vocab to Remember
Indulgences – pardons for sins, given or sold by the Catholic Church
Divine Rights of Kings – belief that royalty ruled by the will of God.

50. Prologue to the Canterbury Tales
Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

51. The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open ye
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages), Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages, And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,

52. To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende, The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.

53. Bifil that in that seson on a day, In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage, At nyght was come into that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle

54. In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle, That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde.
The chambres and the stables weren wyde,
And wel we weren esed atte beste.

55. And shortly, whan the sonne was to reste,
So hadde I spoken with hem everichon
That I was of hir felaweshipe anon, And made forward erly for to ryse,
To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse.

56. What did he just say?
When April with its sweet showers has pierced the drought of March to the root and bathed every rootlet in the liquid by with the flower is strengthened; when the west wed also, with its sweet breath, has brought forth young shoots in every grove and field; when the early sun of spring has run half his course in the sign of Aries, and when small birds make melody, birds that sleep all night with eyes open (as Nature inspires them to)

57. Then people have a strong desire to go on pilgrimages, and pilgrims long to go to foreign shores to distant shrines known in various countries. And especially they go from every county in England to seed out the shrine of the holy blessed martyr who has helped them when they were sick.

58. Gutenberg invented the printing press.
The first complete book printed by Gutenberg was the Bible. It took 3 years to print 180 copies –the time it previously took to copy one Bible by hand.

59. European rulers used their power to unite their people, creating nations based on a common language and culture.

60. Martin Luther disagreed with church practices, especially the sale of indulgences.

61. 9. Name five European nations that explored and settled the Americas, Asia and Africa.
The nations were the Dutch, English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.

62. 10. How did the American Revolution influence other colonies?
The new United States, with its Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and representative Congress, became a model for many other revolutions.

63. 11. How was the growth of democracy in Great Britain different from that in France?
In Great Britain the change occurred more peacefully and over a longer period of time.