1. “Anybody can make history. Only a great man can write it
“Anybody can make history. Only a great man can write it.” - Oscar Wilde On average, a Tupperware party is held somewhere in the world about every two seconds.

3. The Italian Renaissance
Main Idea
In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance.

4. The Beginning of the Renaissance
1300, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe
Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s
Decrease in population led to:
Increase in food production
Decline in food prices
More money to spend
Specialization in products
Changes in Society
Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy
Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south
Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states
Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts
The Rise of City-States

7. Venice

8. Venice

9. Venice

10. Venice

11. Venice

12. Venice

13. Milan

14. Milan

15. Milan

16. Milan

17. Florence

18. Florence

19. Florence

20. Florence

21. How did society and cities change in the 1300s?
Question:
How did society and cities change in the 1300s?
Answer(s): Specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade; urban areas became centers of commerce; merchants and artisans became important; some cities became displays of wealth.

22. Inspiration from the Ancients
Renaissance Ideas
As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.”
Venetian ships carried goods for trade and Greek scholars seeking refuge
Scholars brought ancient works thought to be lost
Inspiration from the Ancients
Italians who could read looked for more information
Read Arabic translations of original texts
Searched libraries, found lost texts
New World of Ideas
As they read, began to think about philosophy, art, science in different ways
Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve
Different Viewpoints

23. Humanism Humanities Roots Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture
Characteristics of good education
Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek
Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism
Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment
Humanities
Roots traced to work of Dante; work contained glimpses of what would become focus on human nature
Historians believe Renaissance began with two humanists who lived after Dante—Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch
Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin
Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy
Roots

24. Dante, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francesco Petrarch

25. A Portrait of Savonarola
By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498.
Dominican friar who decried money and power.
Anti-humanist  he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic, and corrupting.
The “Bonfire of the Vanities,” 1497.
Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods in public.
Even Botticelli put some of his paintings on the fire!!

26. The Execution of Savonarola, 1452

27. Secular Writers Service Renaissance Man
Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious
Church no longer served as source of stability, peace
Form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual
Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities.
Service
Ideal Renaissance man came to be “universal man,” accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations.
Renaissance Man

28. Examples of Renaissance Men
How to Act
Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier
Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act
Book includes fictional conversation between duke, guests
Castiglione’s Advice
Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society
Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek
Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry
How to Rule
Philosopher, statesman Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote influential book
Experiences with violent politics influenced opinions on how governments should rule in The Prince

29. Baldassare Castiglione

30. Niccolò Machiavelli

31. Machiavelli
Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states
Describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers”
Advises rulers to separate morals from politics
Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism
Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel
Machiavelli’s theory that “the end justifies the means” deviated from accepted views of correct behavior
Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy

32. Science of the Renaissance
Scientific Information
Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts
Discovered wealth of scientific information
Natural World
Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography
New ideas about natural world began to be explored also
Scientific Challenges
Science soon became important avenue of inquiry
Church’s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe
Earth, Sun
Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe
Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun

33. Nicholas Copernicus

34. Galileo Galilei

35. Galileo Galilei

37. What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance?
Question:
What were some important new ideas of the Renaissance?
Answer(s): inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans; humanism; secular focus; new theories in science

38. Competition Among Patrons
Renaissance Art
The arts a reflection of the new humanist spirit
Medieval artists—idealized and symbolic representations
Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature
Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art
Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price
Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church
Patrons of the Arts
Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks
Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists
Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others
Competition Among Patrons
Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible.

39. Medici and Sforza

40. Lorenzo the Magnificent
Cosimo de Medici
Lorenzo the Magnificent

41. Styles and Techniques
Studied perspective, represented three-dimensional objects
Experimented with using color to portray shapes, textures
Subject matter changed; artists began to paint, sculpt scenes from Greek, Roman myths
Artists Methods
Religious paintings focused on personality
Humanist interest in classical learning, human nature
Building design reflected humanist reverence for Greek, Roman culture
Classical architecture favored
Classical Influence

42. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427
First nudes since classical times.

43. First use of linear perspective!
The Trinity
Masaccio
1427
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
First use of linear perspective!
What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

44. Perspective

45. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate
Leonardo da Vinci
1469
The figure as architecture!

46. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges
Sfumato
Chiaroscuro

49. The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)
Classicism
Greco-Roman influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism  free standing figures.
Symmetry/Balance
The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

50. The Liberation of Sculpture
David by Donatello
First free-form bronze since Roman times

51. Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436
Architect
Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore

52. Commissioned to build the cathedral dome.
Used unique architectural concepts.
He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome.
Used ribs for support.

53. Brunelleschi’s Dome

54. Comparing Domes

55. Other Famous Domes
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

56. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Sculpture, Painting Studied anatomy
Highly talented in all fields, was an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer
Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes
Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied anatomy
Age 24, won fame with Pietà, sculpture of Jesus’ mother Mary holding son’s dead body
Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality
Michelangelo
Marble statue of David
Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel,
Scenes from Old Testament considered one of greatest achievements in art history
Sculpture, Painting

63. The Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo da Vinci

66. A Macaroni Mona

67. A Picasso Mona

68. An Andy Warhol Mona

69. A “Mona”ca Lewinsky

71. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498
vertical
horizontal

73. Deterioration
Detail of Jesus
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci
1498

74. A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene?

76. David
Michelangelo Buonarotti
1504
Marble

77. What a difference a century makes!

79. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

80. The Sistine Chapel
The Fall from Grace

82. The Sistine Chapel
The Last Judgment

84. Other Artists Raphael Bramante
Raffaello Sanzio, became known as Raphael
Renowned painter, accomplished architect
Most famous work, The School of Athens, fresco—painting made on fresh, moist plaster
Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus
Raphael
Renaissance architecture reached height with work of Donato Bramante
Had already achieved fame when chosen architect of Rome
Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced appearance of many smaller churches
Bramante

88. Raphael’s Madonnas
Sistine Madonna
Cowpepper Madonna

89. Raphael’s Madonnas
Madonna della Sedia
Alba Madonna

90. The School of Athens

91. Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo

92. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm].
Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now].

93. Averroes
Hypatia
Pythagoras

94. Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid

95. The Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514

96. Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty.

97. Primavera – Botticelli, 1482
Depicted classical gods as almost naked and life-size.

98. Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512
Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael,
Pope Julius II by Raphael,

108. The Penitent Mary Magdalene by Titian, 1533
By the mid-16c, High Renaissance art was declining.
Mannerism became more popular.
This painting is a good example of this new artistic style.

109. Parmigianino's Madonna with the Long Neck ( ), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, highly stylized poses, and lack of clear perspective.

110. What was the ideal of Renaissance art?
Question:
What was the ideal of Renaissance art?
Answer(s): capturing human personality, realism, human form