1. Governance and Finance Regulating and Funding Schools
Chapter 7
Governance and Finance
Regulating and Funding Schools

2. Issues in Education Mandate ….VS…..Academic Freedom
Idaho State Board ….VS….Local Board of Education
Superintendent Role….VS….Principal’s Role
School Funding
Different forms of School Choice

3. Chapter Objectives How schools are regulated and run
How the governance of schools affects teachers
How schools are funded and the inequalities in education
How schools choice reforms: vouchers and charters affect education

4. State Administrative Organizational Structure
State Courts
Principals and Schools
District Office
District Superintendent
District School Board
Local School Districts
State Office of Education
Chief State School Officer
(Superintendent, Commissioner,
or Secretary of State Board)
State Board of Education
Governor
State Legislature
Constitution
Butch Otter
Tom Luna
Mandatory
Department of Education
Twin Falls
Autonomy
Wiley Dobbs

5. Idaho State BOARD of Education
***Issuing and Revoking teaching licenses……
Establishing the length of the school year… (ex. 180 days).
Publishing standards for approving and accrediting schools……
Developing and implementing a uniform system for gathering education data such as standardized achievement test scores, enrollment trends, and demographics (ex. IRI, ISAT).

6. Idaho State Office of Education (Department of Education)
State BOARDS of education make policy; …..state offices of education are responsible for implementing that policy on a day-to-day basis.
Staffed by full-time education professionals.
Responsible for implementing teacher and administrator licensing.

7. State Office of Education (Department of Education)
As new teacher, you will apply to your office of education for an initial teaching certificate.
The state department of education also plays a major role in determining curriculum in the state.
Usually states will offer districts a choice of several acceptable textbooks.

8. Functions of Local School Boards
Groups of elected lay citizens, are responsible for setting policies that determine how districts operate.

9. Functions of Local School Boards
The curriculum compliance
They set attendance, dress, grooming, conduct, and discipline standards for their districts.
Gay and Lesbian Clubs
Controversial issues such as these are on the school board meeting agenda, attendance usually rises, with different citizen’s groups attending in attempts to influence board decisions.

10. Membership and Selection of Local School Boards
White majority candidates who either have more money to run an election campaign or benefit from White majority voting pools.
Tends to be male, white, older, and wealthy, although figures are gradually changing in some areas.

11. The Superintendent The district’s head administrative officer.
24% are women.
The average tenure for superintendents is 3.5 years.

12. The School Principal
Is given the ultimate responsibility for the school’s operation.
Is the key to establishing the educational climate and overseeing the everyday operation of the school.
Evaluation
Interview
Curricular and instructional leadership

13. Principals Community relations (PR) Monitor the school budget
Help teachers teach effectively
Demonstrate leadership by
establishing high expectations
for teachers and students.
Most important people in the district’s administrative structure because they work directly with teachers and students.

14. Profile of School Principals (textbook has 2010)
70.6
40.1
29.4
59.9
Slight variations
3.3
60.8
26.6
9.3
7.6
59.4
25.3
7.7

15. School Funding Sources 2013
States: contribute 47.6% of educational funds
Local: governments contribute 43.9% of funds
Federal funds: constitute 8.5% of educational monies
The public identified the lack of financial support and funding for education as the biggest problem facing their local school (Rose & Gallup, 2000).
The state and local shares are about equal and are considerably greater than the federal share.

16. Education Revenues from Local, State, and Federal Sources 2010
Federal Funds

17. Quiz: “Attention Getter”
What percentage of educational revenues come from Local taxes?
What percentage of that comes from property taxes?
From the Federal government, which would you rather have a block grant or a categorical grant? Why?
What is site-based management?
What does “School Choice” mean?

18. Local Funding: (may vary by district)
More than 98% school revenues come from property taxes.
Authorities first assess the value of property and then tax the owners a small percentage.
2%:
Income taxes
Fees for building permits
Traffic fines
User fees

19. State Revenue Sources
The largest source of educational funding comes from the states.
State sales taxes represent the largest source of state income.
“Sin” tax- state income tax
Taxes on stupidity = lotteries

20. Federal Funding for Education
Most controversial source: GRANTS
About 8%.
Critics warn of increased federal control over what they believe should be a local responsibility.
Although, the actual percentage of money spent by the federal government on education has been small, the impact has been considerable.

21. Categorical vs. Block grants
Categorical grants, money targeted for specific groups and designated purposes.
Head Start, aimed at preschoolers,
Title I, targeted at economically disadvantage youth, and
The Bilingual Education Act of 1972 are aid programs targeting specific needs or populations.
Block grants, provide states and districts with funds with few federal restrictions.
Block grants purposely reduce the federal role in policy making.

22. Educational Revenues: Where Do They Go ?
A comprehensive review of over 30 studies in this area concluded:
higher per-pupil expenditures resulted in better qualified teachers and
8, Idaho
smaller class sizes, which translated into improved student learning.

24. State-by-State http://www. epodunk
State-by-State Spending per Student* very different than book source

25. Educational Expenditures on Different District Programs
Instructional Support
13%
From 2013 8%
10% 4%
Admin
Instructional
Plant
61%
©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved

26. Funding Inequalities…Lead us to
Because of differences in property taxes, wealthy districts spend more on education than poorer ones.
Legal issues surrounding funding inequalities determined by state laws and courts
Weighted student formula allocates funding to schools within a district based upon student and school needs.
Which lead us to……

27. Site-based Decision Making
Site-based decision making is a movement towards placing more responsibility for governance at the school level.
Decisions are made by the people most affected by educational decisions- teachers, parents, and even students.
Chapter 7 Information

28. Different Forms of School Choice
Charter schools
Vouchers
Homeschooling
School Zones:

29. Charter Schools
Alternative schools that are independently operated but publicly funded
Often target specific areas of the curriculum
Arts
Math and science
Foreign language
Uneven quality due to increased autonomy
Research suggests that student achievement is no better than regular public schools and sometimes worse.

30. Vouchers
Vouchers are checks parents use to purchase educational services.
Use for private education, especially religious schools, is controversial.
State tuition tax credits, a variation on vouchers, provide tax cuts for parents of children attending private schools.

31. Privatization Takes a variety of forms Arguments for Arguments against
EMO (Education maintenance organization) runs and manages schools or entire district
Industry-operated school lunches and buses
Industry-related tech support
Arguments for
Business-like efficiency of corporations
Competition makes publicly run schools more effective and efficient
Arguments against
(1) Selling to schools (vending); (2) selling in schools (books & computers); (3) Selling of school.

32. School Choice and Cultural Minorities
Advocates claim that school choice provides cultural minority parents with alternatives to ineffective and unproductive local schools.
May result in increased segregation of students.
Education of parents about options and choices is crucial for future success.