1. Population and Urban Society Chapter 16

2. After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Describe the phenomenon of exponential growth.
Define the three major components of population change.
Contrast the Malthusian and Marxist theories of population.
Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why there might be a second demographic transition.
Discuss the determinants of fertility and family size.
Discuss the problems of overpopulation and possible solutions.
Describe the history of urbanization.
Contrast preindustrial and industrial cities.
Describe the various theories of urban development.
Understand the issues surrounding homelessness in American cities.
Describe trends in urban growth in the United States.

3. Demography
The study of the size and composition of human populations, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors.
Demography is influenced by three major factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.

4. Life Expectancies by Countries
Highest
Years
Lowest
Japan
82.0
Swaziland
31.9
Singapore 82
Angola
38.2
Hong Kong
81.8
Zambia
38.6
Australia
81.6
Lesotho
40.4
Canada
81.2
Zimbabwe 41
Sweden 81
Mozambique
41.1
France
Sierra Leone
41.2
Iceland
80.7
Liberia 42
80.9
Djibouti
43.4
World average
66.6

5. Fertility Fecundity Crude birthrate Total fertility rate
Fertility refers to the actual number of births in a given population.
Fecundity
The physiological ability to have children.
Crude birthrate
The number of annual live births per 1,000 people in a given population.
Total fertility rate
The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.

6. Infant mortality rate
Measures the number of children who die within the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

7. Mortality
The frequency of deaths in a population.
The most commonly used measure of this is the crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population.

8. Mortality is reflected
in people’s.
Can you explain how?

9. Life expectancy
The average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.

10. Migration
The movement of populations from one geographical area to another.
Emigration
When a population leaves an area and immigration when a population enters an area.

11. Internal migration
The movement within a nation’s boundary lines—in contrast with immigration, in which boundary lines are crossed.

12. Theories of Population
Malthus’s Theory of Population Growth
Marx’s Theory of Population Growth
Demographic Transition Theory
A Second Demographic Transition

13. Malthus
Populations will always grow faster than the available food supply
Malthus believed would increase the food supply in an arithmetic progression

14. Malthus recognized the presence of certain forces that limit population growth, grouping these into two categories:
Preventive checks and Positive checks

15. Preventive checks
Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such practices as contraception within marriage, extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution.

16. Positive checks
Events that limit reproduction either by causing the deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of people, thereby lowering the overall population.

17. Demographic Transition Theory
According to the demographic transition theory, societies pass through four stages of population change
High morality
Low morality
High fertility
Low fertility

18. Dependency ratio
The number of people of nonworking age in a society for every 100 people of working age.

19. A Second Demographic Transition
Transition center around a strong desire for individual advancement and improvement.

20. Sources of Optimism
Others have questioned the basic assumptions of the doomsday model, namely exponential growth in population and production and absolute limits on natural resources and technological capabilities.

21. The Earliest Cities
Two requirements had to be met for cities to emerge.
The first was that there had to be a surplus of food and other necessities.
The second requirement was that there had to be some form of social organization that went beyond the family.

22. Preindustrial Cities Preindustrial cities
Cities established prior to the Industrial Revolution—often were walled for protection and densely packed with residents whose occupations, religion, and social class were clearly evident from symbols of dress, heraldic imagery, and manners.

23. Three things notes by Gideon Sjoberg
Necessary for the rise of preindustrial cities
First, there had to be a favorable physical environment.
Second, advanced technology in either agricultural or nonagricultural areas had to have developed to provide a means of shaping the physical environment—if only to produce the enormous food surplus necessary to feed city dwellers.
Finally, a well-developed system of social structures had to emerge so that the more complex needs of society could be met: an economic system, a system of social control, and a political system.

24. Industrial Cities
Industrial cities are cities established during or after the Industrial Revolution and are characterized by large populations that work primarily in industrial and service-related jobs.

25. The Structure of Cities
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model

26. Park and Burgess and other members of the Chicago school of sociologists studied the internal structure of cities as revealed by what they called the ecological patterning (or spatial distribution) of urban groups.

27. Concentric zone model
A theory of city development in which the central city is made up of :
a business district, and radiating from this district is
a zone of transition with low-income, crowded and unstable, residential housing with high crime rates, prostitution, gambling, and other vices
a working-class residential zone
a middle-class residential zone
an upper-class residential zone in what we would now think of as the suburbs

28. Sector model
Urban groups establish themselves along major transportation arteries
Railroad lines
Waterways
highways).

29. Multinuclei model
Emphasizes the fact that different industries have different land-use and financial requirements, which determine where they establish themselves
Holds that as similar industries are established near one other, the immediate neighborhood is shaped by the nature of its typical industry, becoming one of a number of separate nuclei that together constitute the city.

30. The Nature of Urban Life
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Social Interaction in Urban Areas
Urban Neighborhoods
Urban Decline
Homelessness

31. The Nature of Urban Life
Suburburn Living
Excurbs

32. Suburban Living
Suburbs are incorporated or unincorporated spatial communities that lie outside the central city but within the metropolitan area.

33. Exurbs
Middle and upper-middle class communities that can be found in outlying semirural suburbia.