1. Technical Implementation
Networking and Connectivity

2. Content
Description and exemplification of cloud-based services including:
data storage
mail services
software updates
Description and exemplification of web hosting.
Description and exemplification of current trends in networking and connectivity including:
bandwidth
transmission media
hardware such as hubs, switches and routers
Description and exemplification of the appropriate type of network connection required for a specific information system including:
hardware

3. What is a network ? What is a stand-alone computer ?
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What is a stand-alone computer ?

4. How are computers connected together?
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5. LAN & WAN
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LAN
WAN

6. Peer to Peer
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In a peer to peer network there is no centralised server managing the network. The computers are linked together to enable them to send and receive data.
Each computer must have its own separate set of application programs, security and backing storage.
Files are saved ‘locally’ onto the hard disk of that computer.
Since there is no centrally organised security of backup on a Peer to Peer network. They are only suitable for ‘trusting’ environments e.g. home use.

7. Client/Server
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Clients are workstations on the network. Commonly desktop computers.
Servers are central computers that handle logging-on, internet access, file handling etc.
Servers have:
multiple powerful processors
large memory capacity 
Types of servers:
Print Servers
Web Servers
File Servers
Proxy Servers

8. Extra benefits of client server networks
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Extra benefits of client server networks
Flexible access – users can access files from any computer connected to the network.
Different Levels of access e.g. Teacher, pupil
Central backup can be done by the network manager

9. Cloud Systems
In a local set-up information is stored locally on the computer and the processor does all the processing (LOCAL).
In a cloud system information is stored on a web based server and users can get access to the information from anywhere in the world (REMOTE).

10. Where is the cloud?

11. Examples of cloud systems
Google Docs
Microsoft office 365
Gmail/Yahoo mail
DropBox
OneDrive
Apple iCloud
Google Drive
Youtube
Facebook
Tick the systems you have heard of.

12. Advantages of Cloud Systems
Decreases the hardware and software demands placed on local computers.
Applications don’t need to be stored on local computers – freeing memory space.
If a remote application is being used it will use the processing in the remote server and ease the workload for the local processor.
Files used are stored on the remote server so a large amount of backing storage is not required.
Why is good for smartphones and tablet devices?

13. Cloud Based Services There are 3 main types of cloud based services-
data storage
mail services
software updates

14. Data Storage
Data Storage is the most common feature of cloud services.
Allows users to upload files that they can access again from any connected internet ready device, not just the device used to upload the files.
Users login and are then given access to files. Any changes are saved on the cloud and are evident in real time.
Some well-known cloud storage providers are: Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Apple iCloud
Storage capacities vary from provider to provider and many data storage providers also have subscription fees to allow for storage of more files.
What types of files have large capacity?
Another key feature of data storage is the ability to collaborate on documents stored online.

15. E-Mail Services Advantages
When using cloud based , users need to log in via the internet and all services run via the browser
Advantages:
allowing access on a range of devices as long as internet connection is present
no need to purchase or manage an internal infrastructure
multi device access when an internet connection exists
security and anti-virus costs for are removed as this is handled by the cloud supplier
integrated access to files stored in the cloud
integrated ability to open attachments from within the cloud system. Systems like Google Apps and Microsoft 365 support use of software from within a cloud system

16. E-Mail Services Disadvantages
Organisations who migrate to cloud pay subscription fees to use the system. However, these costs should be less than those associated with managing and running an internal system.
Disadvantages:
dependence on an internet connection even if used in-house
organisation needs to ensure that the available bandwidth can cope with increased demand that traffic may bring
control over security is taken out of the companies’ hands, often meaning that large organisations are reluctant to migrate to cloud

17. Software Updates
A criticism of many local area networks is that software such as word processing, spreadsheet, and database systems were often updated long after the release of software commercially. This is because a level of testing is always necessary to ensure that the client/server structure can cope with software rollouts and updates.
If an organisation uses cloud services, such as Google Apps or Microsoft 365, users will always have access to the most up to date versions of software. This is because software systems that run in browser and on the cloud are updated regularly and automatically by the cloud provider. Similarly, many of these systems allow employees to download their own version of the software for use at home. Links to the software to be downloaded will always be compatible with the cloud based system and are generally kept up to date a lot more often than local area network versions.
This also extends to security software for servers. Where internally managed servers would have an update schedule managed by the company, cloud based security is the responsibility of the cloud provider and is updated automatically.

18. Advantages of Cloud-Based Services
Remote Accessibility- users can access files from anywhere in the world (as long as they have an internet connection)
Easy Expansion- If more storage space is required then the company just needs to purchase more. There is no need to cost and purchase the hardware and have it installed.
Security- High level of security involved, less prone to hacking and DOS attacks as it is harder to pinpoint the exact location of the data, real-time backups.
Environmentally Friendly- companies can reduce their electricity expenses. They don’t have to power their own servers.

19. Disadvantages of Cloud-Based Services
Bandwidth Constraints- using services remotely will require a high bandwidth connection and constant internet access.
Security concerns- the data is physically more secure and backed up but employees and users must keep their details safe.
Public Perception- there have been several high profile breaches of security so public perception is low.
Data Protection- one of the terms of the DPA states that data should be stored in the EU. Cloud services can’t guarantee this. This means the customer may not have complete control of their data.

20. Web Hosting
Web Hosting is a service that enables a company to make and host their website over the internet.
Can be a costly service depending on the services provided.
A web host provides-
space on a server to host the website
an interface that will allow the users to edit or amend the contents of web pages.
facility to upload files
provide or help to provide a domain name
access to server-side scripting
ability to host databases

21. Web Hosting Print Screen

22. Web Host Company
Find a web hosing company and take a note of the fees and services offered.

23. Web Hosting Types
Free – limited service offered and the website will often have to include advertising.
Shared-the website is placed on a web server along with thousands of other websites. They share RAM and processor power.
Dedicated-every user/company gets its own server and has full control over it.

24. What web hosting type would you recommend?
University student who wants to publish her PHD online.
An on-line fashion retailer who wants to expand.
Small charity who want to let people know about their work.

25. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is generally referred to the volume of information per unit of time
that a transmission medium (like an internet connection) can handle.
An internet connection with a larger bandwidth can move a set amount of data
(say, a video file) much faster than an internet connection with a lower bandwidth.
Bandwidth is typically expressed in bits per second, like 60 Mbps or 60 Mb/s
to explain a data transfer rate of 60 million bits (megabits) every second.

27. Transmission Media

28. Network Hardware
The main purpose of networking is to share data between computers.
A file has to be broken up into small segments of data known as data packets in order to be transmitted over a network. The data is then re- built once it reaches the destination computer.
Networking hardware is required to connect computers and manage how data packets are communicated.
Protocols are used to control how data is transmitted across networks.
Devices need to have Network Interface Cards or equivalent wireless technology to connect to the network.

29. Hardware required for network connectivity
network interface card (NIC)
router
hub
switch

30. Hardware required for network connectivity
A Network Interface Card for a Desktop Machine

31. Hardware required for network connectivity
Network Interface Card
A NIC is a computer hardware component that connects a device (computer, printer, server, router) to a network.
It contains ports to connect the network cable to the device.
All laptops, desktops and servers will come supplied with in- built NIC.
They can be wired or wireless.
Each NIC identifies the device to the network using a unique number called a MAC address. This is embedded in the hardware when the product is made in the factory it uses 48 bits of data.

32. Hardware required for network connectivity
Router
A router is used to connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network.
A router is able to look that the address of the data coming into the network and route it to the correct location using the most efficient route.

33. Hardware required for network connectivity

34. Hardware required for network connectivity
Hub
A hub is a network device that transfers data to every device excluding the device from where data was generated.
In a small network sending data to every computer is not a problem but on a large one it can result in a lot of unnecessary traffic that slows the network down.
Security can be an issue too as data is sent to devices it was not meant for.

35. Hardware required for network connectivity
Hub – Highlight the data flow

36. Hardware required for network connectivity
Switch
A switch is similar to a router.
Switches are commonly used to connect two LANs together.
Switches are able to transfer data to the correct device based on it’s address and allow many messages to be sent at the same time.

37. Hardware required for network connectivity
Switch – highlight the data flow

38. Card task
Your teacher will issue you with cards. It’s your job to act like a router, switch or a hub.

39. Typical Network Set up
Hub
Internet