1. Emotion

2. Example Bullet Point slide
Write what is in White
Do not write what is in Orange

3. Module 38
INTRO TO EMOTION

4. Emotions Characteristics of emotions
has a clear beginning and end. Reaction
experiences, not overt behaviors nor specific thots
Emotional experience has valence--it is +/-
passions, not actions. They happen to you, you do not decide to have them.
arise partly from cognitive appraisals of events.

5. Emotions alter your thinking
elicit an action tendency a motivation to behave in a certain way
are accompanied by bodily responses—expressive displays (e.g., facial expressions) as well as internal bodily responses (e.g., changes in heart rate).

6. Defining Emotion
Feelings, that are not constant, but randomly occur with some sort of control over actions or the original event and/or stimuli

7. Emotion continued...
Purpose of emotions - create a heighten purpose or event. It makes the experience worth it.
Determinants of emotion –
intensity of:
duration of:
effects of:

8. Biology of emotion
Activity in the limbic system , amygdala, are central to emotion
Normal functioning amygdala = ability to learn emotional associations, recognizing emotional expressions, & perceive emotionally charged words

9. Biology of emotions continued…
2 hemispheres of cerebral cortex
Damage to right, but not left, people cannot laugh at jokes.
Blood flow increases in right hemispheres when asked to identify emotion
So, which side of the face would you expect to be more involved in expressing emotion

10. Mechanisms of ANS
Remember – the ANS is involved in many of the physiological changes that accompany emotions
Sweaty palms = ANS has increased perspiration & decreased the blood flow in hands

11. Mechanics of the ANS The ANS is organized into two divisions.
The parasympathetic nervous system influences activity related to the protection, nourishment, + growth of the body.
The SNS prepares the organism for vigorous activity. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate etc. and blood pressure,
These reactions comprise the flight-or-fight syndrome that prepares the body to deal with stressors.

12. Lie Detectors
Polygraphs try to detect lying by measuring ANS activity.
Presumably, ANS measures reflect one’s “nervousness” about not telling the truth. Typically, ANS responses to control
questions (general inquiries) are compared to responses to relevant questions.
a) No evidence suggests that polygraphs predict behavior.
b) It is unclear how well polygraphs measure lying about previous behavior.
c) Effective polygraph tests require that the subject believes that the machine is infallible.
d) Much depends on the expertise of the examiner.
e) Success is about 50%.

13. Theories of emotions – is it in the head or the heart?
The James-Lange Theory
automatic, peripheral responses precede and cause subjective emotional experience. Emotion becomes conscious when the brain observes bodily responses.
what the heck does that mean? – well it means that the feeling FOLLOWS the body’s initial response

14. Theories continued…
Peripheral theory: activity in the PNS is the cause of emotional experience
James said there is no emotion center in the brain. This may account for the difficulty we have at times identifying our feelings
The theory claims that each emotion is caused by recognizing a different and specific pattern of bodily activity.
if you cannot detect physiological changes in the body’s periphery, then you should not experience emotions.

15. Theories of Emotion continued…
Schacter-Singer (also called cognitive theory)
emotion results from a cognitive interpretation of non- specific physiological arousal
Events cause general bodily responses, which you then cognitively label.
This labeling depends on an attribution, the process of inferring the cause of an event.

16. Theories of Emotion continued…
Cannon-Bard Theory
special brain regions interpret emotional situations.
This results in signals for ANS responses being sent at the same time as signals to the cortex for the conscious emotional experience. This theory suggests direct central experience of emotion, with or w/o peripheral feedback.
Brain areas in which stimulation is experienced as
pleasurable include the locus coeruleus, ANS related systems, + dopamine-using systems
Stimulation of other brain areas causes unpleasant and aversive feelings.

17. Review on Theories
Imagine your brain could not sense your heart pounding or your stomach churning. According to each theory, how would this affect your experienced emotions?

18. Review Cannon Bard James-Lange
Would have expected you to experience emotions normally…
Because they believed that emotions occur separately from the body’s arousal
James-Lange
Greatly diminished emotions…
Because they believed that to experience emotion you must first perceive your body’s arousal

19. Emotion Theories Chart

20. More Review
Q. If you see a bear, your brain receives sensory info about the bear, interprets that info as a bear, and experiences the emotion of fear while at the same time sending messages to the body.
A – Cannon Bard

21. More Review…
Q. If you see a bear, first you interpret the sensory info as a bear, then experience physiological changes. Recognizing those physiological changes creates the experience of fear.
A. James Lange theory

22. More Review 
Q. If you see a bear, have a basic fight-or-flight response, and then use environmental clues to “figure out” that the physical changes were caused by a scary bear, labeling the physical changes as fear.
A.- Schacter Singer

23. Physiological Similarities
3 emotions with similar responses
fear
anger
Sexual arousal

24. Emotional brain patterns
Fear = amygdala
Negative emotions  = right prefrontal cortex
Positive  = left frontal lobe
Lots of dopamine receptors
dopamine has many functions in the brain, including important roles in behavior and cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, sleep, mood, attention, working memory, and learning

25. Spillover effect
Occurs when our arousal from one event influences our response to other events
If someone by you is happy, you get happy
If feeling pumped from gym & someone insults your mom – you may misattribute your arousal to the comment

26. Spillover effect
Remember, Arousal fuels emotion; cognition changes it

27. Emotional pathways
Sensory input goes directly to amygdala via thalamus, bypassing cortex = immediate emotional response & may be outside conscious awareness
Complex emotions (guilt, love, happiness0 require interpretation & are routed along the (slower) route to the cortex

28. Module 39
EXPRESSED EMOTION

29. Nonverbal communication
We are especially aware of non-verbal threats
Based on facial expressions, can understand emotions of someone speaking a foreign language

30. Gender and emotional cues
Women are better at reading deception
Men communicate anger better

31. Universal communication
Facial expressions for anger, fear, surprise, happiness are recognizable across cultures
Level of expression differs

32. Facial Feedback
Expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states and muscles respond as though we were experiencing those states
When frowning, felt more sad when looking at photos of war, starvation, illness

33. Behavior Feedback Hypothesis
If we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion, we are likely to feel that emotion to a degree

34. Module 40
EXPERIENCED EMOTION

35. Emotional Expression
One’s repertoire (collection) of facial expressions expands with age, as one practices imitating others. Emotional expressions are probably operantly shaped by others
The human face can generate 6000 to 7000 different expressions. People are exquisitely sensitive to minute changes in facial expression.

36. Emotional Expression continued…
Children gradually learn an emotion culture--rules about where and when different emotions are appropriate and how they may be expressed.
Your emotion culture can also change with age.

37. Emotional Expression continued…
Infants who cannot yet understand spoken language can depend on adults’ emotional expressions for information.
Thus, an infant may fear strangers by watching parents’ emotional expressions.

38. And what about Love????
Theories abound But relationships do occur for a variety reasons, often motivated by certain desires or emotional connections.