1. Urinary System
HS I

2. Warm up Urinary System Video
Worksheet

3. Functions of Urinary System
To remove waste products from the body.
Excretion – removing nitrogenous wastes, certain salts and excess water from blood.
Maintain acid-base balance
Secrete waste products in the form of urine
Eliminate urine from bladder

4. KIDNEYS Bean-shaped organs
Located between peritoneum and the back muscles (RETROPERITONEAL)
RENAL PELVIS – funnel shaped structure at the beginning of the ureter

5. MEDULLA Inner, striated layer Striated cones are RENAL PYRAMIDS
Base of each pyramid faces cortex, while apex empties into cuplike cavities called CALYCES

6. CORTEX
Composed of millions of microscopic functional units called nephrons
Outer layer of the kidney

7. NEPHRON Functional unit of the kidney Parts include:
Bowman’s capsule (double walled, surrounds the glomerulus)
Cluster of capillaries that the Bowmans capsule surrpounds is the Glomerulus
Glomerulus- filters substances from the blood.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule

8. Urine Formation in the Nephron
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

9. FILTRATION First step in urine formation
Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus
High blood pressure in glomerulus forces fluid (FILTRATE) to filter into Bowman’s capsule
Filtrate does not contain plasma proteins or RBCs – they’re too big
Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. – 7500cc/hour
As filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is reabsorbed
Production of urine is controlled by the hormones ADH and Aldosterone

10. REABSORPTION Water and useful substances are reabsorbed
If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium) then those substances will not be reabsorbed
Useful substances filter out of the renal tubules and back into the capillaries

11. SECRETION Opposite of reabsorption
Secretion transports substances from blood into collecting tubules
Substances include creatinine, hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and some drugs
Electrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance

12. Path of the Formation of Urine
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Tubule

13. URETERS Connects the kidneys to the bladder. One from each kidney
Carry urine from kidney to bladder
Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane lining
Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters

14. URINARY BLADDER Located in the pelvic cavity.
Hollow, elastic, muscular organ
Made of elastic fibers and involuntary muscle
Stores urine – usually about 500cc
Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but controlled through nervous system (voluntary)
Urine leaves through URETHRA to outside opening = URINARY MEATUS

15. Control of Urinary Secretion
Chemical Control
Reabsorption of H20 in distal convoluted tubule controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Secretion and regulation of ADH controlled by hypothalamus
DIURETICS inhibit reabsorption of H20
Nervous Control
Direct control through nerve impulses on kidney blood vessels
Indirect control though stimulation of endocrine glands

16. Processing
Labeling activities
Quiz 1

17. Disorders of
the Urinary System

18. Warm Up Kidney Failure- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodnYcHGtiA
Hemodialysis- ,
Kidney Transplant-
Kidney Stones-

19. Common Urinary Terms ENURESIS – bedwetting GLYCOSURIA – sugar in urine
NOCTURIA – frequent urination at night
POLYURIA – large amounts of urine
PYURIA – pus in urine
ANURIA – no urine produced
HEMATURIA – blood in urine
Incontinence- urinating involuntarily- elderly, stroke patients

20. Urinary Output Average = 1500 ml/day
Kidney’s filter 120 ml (1/2 cup) per minute
URINALYSIS – test to check for glucose, protein, blood and specific gravity of urine. Abnormal if any of these is present.
Normal urine color is pale yellow
What could make the urine dark amber colored?

21. Urinary Disorders… CYSTITIS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder
Most common cause bacteria – E. Coli
Where does E. Coli live?
Symptoms – DYSURIA (painful urination) and frequency
Usually in females (shorter urethra)
Rx – antibiotics

22. Glomerulonephritis Disease which injures the glomerulus.
What will the kidney’s not be able to do if the glomerulus is damaged?
If glomerulonephritis occurs on its own, it's known as primary glomerulonephritis.
If another disease, such as lupus or diabetes, is the cause, it's called secondary glomerulonephritis.
If severe or prolonged, the inflammation associated with glomerulonephritis can damage your kidneys.
Causes
Hypertension
Kidney Infections
Lupus
Goodpasture’s Syndrome- rare immunological lung disorder- causes bleeding into the lungs and kidney’s

23. Glomerulonephritis Symptoms
Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria)
Foamy urine due to excess protein (proteinuria)
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen
Fatigue from anemia or kidney failure

24. Glomerulonephritis Treatment Anti-hypertensive drugs- hypertension
Strep or bacterial infection- antibiotics
Lupus- steroids
Goodpasture’s Syndrome- Plasmapheresis-mechanical process that removes antibodies from your blood by taking some of your plasma out of your blood and replacing it with other fluid or donated plasma.

25. RENAL CALCULI or NEPHROLITHIASIS
Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
Gradually they get larger until they block ureters and the flow of urine
First symptom – severe pain
Other symptoms – nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
Diagnosis – by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
Rx – increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed – LITHOTRIPSY

26. LITHOTRIPSY Breaks up renal calculi using shock waves.
Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
Done on outpatient basis
If this does not work, a ureoscopy will be done.

27. Kidney Failure Toxic waste accumulate in the cells poisoning the them
An early sign of acute kidney failure is oliguria.
Causes
Diabetes- most common cause
Damaged Glomeruli
High Blood Pressure
Glomerular Diseases
Inherited and Congenital Kidney Diseases
Poison and Trauma
Symptoms
Changes in urination
Swelling
Skin rash/ itching
Leg, back and side pain
Metallic taste/ ammonia breath
Nausea and vomiting
Feeling cold
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Dizziness and trouble concentrating

28. Test for Kidney Failure
Blood pressure measurement
Urine test to measure waste removal (can be done by a dipstick or more complete urinalysis)
Blood test to measure waste removal

29. Treatment for Kidney Failure
DIALYSIS (HEMODIALYSIS)
Treatment for kidney failure
Involves the passage of blood through device with semipermeable membrane
Dialysis serves as substitute kidney
Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered
Can be done at home or in clinic
Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week
Peritoneal Dialysis
KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
As a last resort
Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system, tissue match and same blood type.
Main complication – rejection

30. Processing Processing Questions- Disorders
Read the article – Kidney Transplantation
With the group at your table, read the Medical Decisions Worksheet. With the information you have been given in the article, decide which person should get the kidney. Be able to support your decision and share with the class.