1. EARTHQUAKES ## Key Vocabulary:
-Stress -Focus -Compression -Epicenter -Tension Seismometer -Shearing -P Waves -S Waves -Surface Waves ##

2. Continental crust constantly changes over time due to plate tectonics
Continental crust constantly changes over time due to plate tectonics. Forces at plate boundaries are strong enough to break rocks or change their shape.

3. Stress Force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
Three different kinds of stress can occur in the crust:
Tension
Compression
Shearing

4. Tension
Pulls on the crust, stretching rock so it becomes thinner in the middle
Landforms Created by Tension
Mid-ocean ridges – tension causes oceanic crust to spread allowing hot rock from mantle to rise creating high ridges
Continental rifts – when divergent boundaries occur within a continent, they cause enormous splits in the crust

5. Compression Squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
Landforms Created by Compression
Mountain ranges – collision between two continental plates
Ocean trenches – one plate goes under another during collision forming a deep trench where the two plates meet

6. Shearing Pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions
Landforms Created by Shearing
Transform faults – when plates slide horizontally past each other they form a fault, or a break in the rock of the crust
Fault zones – an area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault

7. Earthquake
Vibrations in the ground that result from movement along faults, or breaks in Earth’s lithosphere

8. Seismic Waves
Waves that carry energy of an earthquake away from the focus focus – point beneath Earth’s surface where rock under stress breaks to cause an earthquake epicenter, or point on the surface directly above the focus

9. Three types of Seismic Waves
Primary waves (P waves) – compression waves that travel through solids and liquids, compressing and expanding the material they pass through, temporarily changing volume
Secondary waves (S waves) – only travel through solids and temporarily change the shape, but not the volume of the material they pass through; move slower than P waves
Surface waves – move slower than P and S waves, but can produce severe ground movement with a wavelike motion

11. What types of earthquakes cause the most damage?
1 = most damaging = least damaging
The closer the earthquake is to the surface of the earth, the stronger it will be
deep 4 3
What types of earthquakes cause the most damage?
Low magnitude
High magnitude
Teacher Actions: Direct students to record information on the RH side of their notebook
Student Actions: Students record notes 2 1
shallow

12. How are earthquakes described?
Intensity: measures the amount of shaking at a location based on damage Magnitude: measures the size of waves/the amount of energy released in an earthquake Magnitude is more important
Teacher Actions: Direct students to record information on the RH side of their notebook
Student Actions: Students record notes

13. Locating an Earthquake’s Epicenter
Done using triangulating data from at least three different seismometers, or devices that measure and record ground motion and helps determine the distance seismic waves travel.

14. How long does it take for a p-wave to travel 2000km
How long does it take for a p-wave to travel 2000km? How long does it take an s-wave to travel 2000km? How far does an s-wave travel in 10 min? How far does a p-wave travel in 10 min? What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance traveled gets longer? Suppose a p-wave and a s-wave start together and travel for 5 minutes. Which will travel farther?

15. Final Exam
Scientists are studying a graph showing the time differences between the seismic P-waves and the seismic S-waves as they travel through Earth. Which information can they learn from the graph?
the magnitude of an earthquake
the duration of an earthquake
the epicenter of an earthquake
the intensity of an earthquake
Teacher Actions: Use quick quiz strategy.
Assessment (i.e. SAT or ACT practice, Writing: RACE+C)
NY Regents
3. Energy is produced within the Sun’s core by the process of
insolation
nuclear fusion
conduction
radioactive decay

16. Final Exam
Scientists are studying a graph showing the time differences between the seismic P-waves and the seismic S-waves as they travel through Earth. Which information can they learn from the graph?
the magnitude of an earthquake
the duration of an earthquake
the epicenter of an earthquake
the intensity of an earthquake
the epicenter of an earthquake
Teacher Actions: Use quick quiz strategy.
Assessment (i.e. SAT or ACT practice, Writing: RACE+C)
NY Regents
3. Energy is produced within the Sun’s core by the process of
insolation
nuclear fusion
conduction
radioactive decay

17. VOLCANOES Key Vocabulary: -Volcano -Magma -Lava -Pyroclastic Flow
-Lahar

18. Volcano
Weak spot in earth’s crust where molten material, or magma, comes to the surface magma – molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases and water from the mantle; when magma reaches Earth’s surface it is called lava

19. At plate boundaries the crust often fractures due to the diverging (pulling) or converging (pushing) plates. As a result, these fractures allow magma to reach the surface forming volcanic belts along the boundaries of Earth’s plates.

20. Ring of Fire
Major belt is the Ring of Fire, formed by many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.

22. Inside a volcano is a system of passageways through which magma move
Inside a volcano is a system of passageways through which magma move. This system includes a magma chamber, pipe, vent, lava flows and a crater.
crater
vent
magma chamber
pipe

23. Geologists classify volcanic eruptions as quiet or explosive:
Lahar– magma has low silica content, flows easily and erupts quietly with gases bubbling out gently and lava oozing quietly (VIDEO) 2

24. pyroclastic flow– has magma high in silica with trapped gases building up pressure until they explode with incredible force
Mt. Otake (Sept. 2014)
A pickup truck flees from the pyroclastic flows spewing from the Mt.Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines, on June 17, This was the second largest eruption of the 21st century.

25. dormant volcano – not active, but may become active extinct volcano – unlikely to erupt again

26. Landforms from Lava and Ash

35. Geothermal Activity
Occurs when magma, a few kilometers, beneath Earth’s surface heats underground water
Hot Springs - formed when groundwater is heated by a nearby body of magma or hot rock and eventually rises to the surface to collect in a natural pool.

36. Geyser
Fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground when buildup of pressure is released.

37. Videos about volcanoes
Violent volcanoes
Papua New Guinea Volcano Eruption