1. Week Nine: Organizations, Socialization and Motivation
PIA 2020
Week Nine: Organizations, Socialization and Motivation

2. Organizational Culture
A Public Inquiry: Yes Minister

3. Can Bureaucracy be Reformed?
Question of the Week
Public Organizations
Can Bureaucracy be Reformed?

4. Overview A Cultural Approach Political Culture Organizational Culture
Values and Motivation
Socialization

5. I. The Cultural Approach
An Ideal?

6. Thesis
Political, Administrative Culture and Socialization have a major impact on organizational behavior.
Question to Return to: Can we Reform or Reinvent Government given Premises about Organizations and Socialization. (Osborne and Gabler)

7. The Multi- Cultural Issue: Two Assumptions
1. Many cultures: regional, administrative, ethnic, professional, etc. including hierarchy of values
2. These are effected by historical origin, race, gender, education, region, etc.

8. Austro-Hungarian Empire: What is the Culture Today?

9. Europe 2006 to 2014? Crisis: Does Europe deal with it differently?

10. The Key
Three dimensions of Culture

11. Three components of Culture
a. Information and Measurable Understanding
b. Beliefs and Values
c. Emotions

12. The Cognitive Dimension- What people know.
a. The set of historical and cultural information to which any native of the society is automatically tuned in
b. All societies have their peculiarities which are part of their political culture

14. Empirical
Information acquired by means of observation or experimentation

15. The Evaluative Dimension- Not the is but the what ought to be
a. Normative- What is good and bad
b. U.S.- Military service good, welfare cheaters bad

16. Evaluation

17. a. Symbolism and myth, anthems and flags
The Emotive Dimension- The emotional attachment that people have to their political system
a. Symbolism and myth, anthems and flags
b. Provides the strength of values
c. Nationalism- “My country right or wrong”

18. Emotive

19. Components of Culture

20. II. Political Culture

21. The Concept of Political Culture
a. People are tied to a unique web of historical experiences
b. Assumption: From the general culture one can extract out the salient aspects of that culture that relate to political behavior and organizational and administrative traditions

22. Swedish Political Culture

23. What does this represent?

24. The Way Things Are Learned
May be cognitive, evaluative or emotional
Vague Patriotic image- eg. U.S. paternal- President as "super-friend" and father image (shattered by Watergate and post-Watergate- See Bob Woodward’s Books About Bush (and Tina Fey’s Sarah Palin)
Societal and community definitions
Personal identification with government

25. Values and Learning SNL
“Bob Woodward and Watergate: Arrested for Treason?” (Fake)

26. THESIS Political Culture can predict political behavior
Culture limits the action of citizens and administrators, channels demands and excludes certain possible policy options
Changing the Organizational Culture Reforms the Organization

27. China Image: Does Political Culture Make a Difference?

28. Emperor and Empress of India: Why are British Colonies Different?

32. Pakistan: Muslim League Leaders – Issue of Secularism?

33. Danish Peasant Culture: The Happy Scandinavians?

34. Copenhagen, Denmark and the “Happy Danes”

35. Satire and Culture The Tina Fey Sketch Is it a Positive for Society?
Satire vs. Reality
Is it a Positive for Society?

36. Ten Minute Break

37. II. Organizational Culture as a Sub-Political Culture?

38. Organizational Culture: The Ideal Type

40. Danish Political Culture: Re. Housing Organizational Sub-Cultures
Groups 1, 2 and 4 constitute the traditional political culture, also found in the labour movement, Groups 3 and 6 constitute a user-oriented political culture based on functional participation in single issues; whereas group 7 contains the very active political elite.

41. Organizations and Administrative Culture: Overview
Socialization and Bureaucratic Behavior
The Concept of political and Administrative Culture
A mixture of elite and mass culture

42. The Concept Continued
Organizational Culture is a sub-set of broader cultural assumptions
In looking for evidence of a political or an administrative culture we are looking for a set of representative values for the people of that society

43. IV. Values and Motivation
Money (Theory X) vs. Human Relations (Theory Y)

44. Motivation and Organizations
1. Theory X vs. Theory Y= Theory Z (Douglas McGregor)
2. Maslov’s Hierarchy: Basic needs, social needs and ego needs
3. Application of Theories of Motivation outside the U.S. Case Study (China, Korea, South Africa and Brazil)
4. The Special problem of Fragile and Collapsed states.
5. The Importance of a Motivation Theory in a Country Such as Guinea Conakry

45. The Hierarchy of Needs Redux

46. The Impact of Organizations

47. V. Socialization

48. Socialization
1. Process by which political attitudes are formed and maintained
2. Acquisition of values, beliefs, and knowledge about the political system on both the individual and community level
3. Cultural transmission across generations- the introduction of new generations to the beliefs and values of the old

49. Socialization: Impact on Values and Culture

50. Levels of Socialization
a. Primary- Most important: occurs within the family
b. Secondary- Everything else before adulthood, school, peers, national and regional- it is here that cultural engineering occurs
c. Tertiary- Professional and Organizational- Begins with University. Issue how specialization of bureaucratic elites is related to socialization and education

51. Philippine Military Academy cadets-- good examples of the workings of cultural transmission

52. Socialization- Continued
Can be a conscious or an unconscious effort- as to how attitudes towards policy are formed
Issue of Cultural Engineering- Ideological and explicit
Revolutionary & Developmental Societies- Ideological and explicit

53. Cultural Engineering?

54. Socialization- Continued
U.S. and Western Europe- mostly indirect (Instrumental and implicit)
Often hidden within a pragmatic, fairly loose value system

55. Cliff Joseph, 1968 (Note Blindfolds)

56. The Crux of the Issue Socialization: Mass vs. elite (vs.
Organizational) socialization

57. Socialization and Public Service
John Armstrong- The European Administrative Elite
European culture is caste based
Armstrong is a conservative Marxist

58. Europe and Class

59. Class and Governance
Derk Jan Eppink:

60. Armstrong’s Thesis Asynchronous Comparison
Status, Role Theory and Counter-Roles
Socialization and the Diffusion of Development Doctrines
The Prefect as Territorial Administrator and role in Praetorian Intervention

61. An Organizational Culture
Guinea Conakry
Guinea’s Prefect as a Rent-Seeking Predator

62. Return to the Question
Can we Reform or Reinvent Government given Premises about Socialization and Organizational Development?