1. Statistical Analysis: Chi Square

2. “Goodness of Fit Test” Chi Square (χ2)
Statistical analysis used to determine whether data obtained experimentally is significantly different to the expected data
Used to determine if any deviations from the expected results are due to random chance alone or to other circumstances

3. Chi Square (χ2) Use the equation to test the “null” hypothesis
Do this for each of the categories

4. Chi Square (χ2)
Once you have calculated the value of χ2, you must determine the probability that the difference between the observed and expected values (χ2) occurred simply by chance (sample error)
You compare the calculated value to the appropriate value in a “degrees of freedom” table

5. Degrees of Freedom df P = 0.05 P = 0.01 P = 0.001 1 3.84 6.64 10.83 2
Degrees of freedom = # of categories – 1: If there are 2 categories there will be 1 degree of freedom
Takes into account the natural increase in χ2 as the number of categories increases df
P = 0.05
P = 0.01
P = 0.001 1
3.84
6.64
10.83 2
5.99
9.21
13.82 3
7.82
11.35
16.27 4
9.49
13.28
18.47 5
11.07
15.09
20.52 6
12.59
16.81
22.46 7
14.07
18.48
24.32

6. Null Hypothesis- Ho
(in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant statistical difference between specified populations
any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

7. Why subtract 1?
The degrees of freedom are the number of values that are free to vary in the data set. For example:
Q. Pick three numbers that have a mean (average) of 10. A. Some sets of numbers you might pick: 9, 10, 11 or 8, 10, 12 or 5, 10, 15. Once you have chosen the first two numbers in the set, the third is fixed. In other words, you can’t choose the third item in the set. The only numbers that are free to vary are the first two. So degrees of freedom for a set of three numbers is TWO.

8. AP Chi Square Problems
Calculate the Expected by taking the total and dividing by the number of categories or by doing a Punnett square and using the percentages
Use the Chi Square equation
Determine the degrees of freedom
Look up the Critical value at the 0.05 level
REREAD the question before you answer your short answer.

9. Practice Problem 1
A heterozygous white-fruited squash plant is crossed with a yellow-fruited plant, yielding 200
seeds. Of these, 110 produce white-fruited plants while only 90 produce yellow-fruited
plants. Are these results statistically significant? Explain using chi square analysis

10. Solution to Problem 1
Calculate the expected by using a punnett square:
Expected results: 50 % white x .5= 100
50% yellow 200 x .5 = 100 W w Ww ww

11. Chi Square Equation Now calculate the observed using the formula:
( )2 + (90-100)2
 2= = 2
Degrees of freedom = 2-1 = Critical Value on the table = 3.8
So do we accept or reject the H0 ? Are these results statistically significant?