1. Cognition: Chapter 7 Memory

2. Cognition
The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
Includes: Memory, Thinking, and Language

3. Processes in Memory Three step process…
Encoding: processing information into the memory
Storage: retaining memories over time
Retrieval: getting information out of memory

4. Biology of Memory Hippocampus in the limbic system
processes memories of information
informational memory
Amygdala
processes memories of emotions
emotional memory
Cerebellum
in the hindbrain
processes memories of movements
muscle memory

5. Encoding Pay Attention!
The first step in getting information into memory is to pay attention to it.
Attention involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
To pay attention one must focus.
Attention is likened to a screen that filters out most stimuli, while allowing a select few to get by.
Research to determine whether this filtering process occurs early or later in the information processing sequence has found that both may be at play.
focus

6. Attention
Selective attention: the process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.
redundant…attention IS selective
Divided attention: concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
Multitasking
Sustained attention: the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
Vigilance

7. Types of Processing Automatic
information is processed effortlessly into memory
things we process automatically
Space, Time, & Frequency
Effortful
placing new information into memory requires work
Rehearsal is necessary
For example: memorizing a billion AP Psychology terms 

8. Levels of Processing
Studied by Craik & Lockhart

9. Types of Encoding

10. Types of Encoding

11. Ways to Improve Encoding
Elaboration
Self-referent
Imagery
Dual-code hypothesis
Mnemonics

12. Elaboration
The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
Webbing
For example: car
Structural - The word car is spelled c-a-r.
Phonemic - The word car rhymes with far.
Semantic - The word car means a four-wheeled vehicle that can transport people from point A to point B.

13. Self-Referent Relating material to your own experience
Make it personal
For example: car
Self-referent - My mom’s car is a 2012 silver Honda. I know it is a car because it has four wheels, an engine, air bags, brakes, and helps my mom get to work everyday.

14. Imagery Mental pictures
When you picture an image in your mind that represents a word
Powerful aid for effortful processing
For example: car

15. Mnemonics Memory techniques Method of Loci (Memory Palace)
Taking an imaginary mental walk
Link Method
Mental picture of how things are connected to one another
Keyword Method
Combining the creation of substitute words with visualization
Acronyms
A word formed from the first letters of each word in a phrase