1. Economic Outlook for 2016 and Beyond
Michael A. Brown, Economist
September 30, 2016

2. Labor Market Global Growth Business Investment 2016
Overview
Labor
Market
Inflation &
Interest Rates
Global
Growth
Business
Investment
2016

3. Where Are We Now?
Economic growth should continue at a modest pace over the coming quarters
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

4. Growth in domestic spending is expected to average around 2 percent
Real Final Sales
Growth in domestic spending is expected to average around 2 percent
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

5. Manufacturing & Services
Indices on business activity suggest a moderating near-term outlook for services while manufacturing continues to show signs of softness
Source: Institute for Supply Management and Wells Fargo Securities

6. Growth in equipment spending will remain modest
Capital Spending
Growth in equipment spending will remain modest
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

7. Nonresidential Construction
The drag from oil and gas on, commercial construction is beginning to diminish
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

8. Commercial Real Estate
Apartment and industrial have seen the largest drops in vacancy rates
Source: Reis, Inc., CoStar Realty Information, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities

9. Small business optimism has finally turned around
Small Businesses
Small business optimism has finally turned around
Source: National Federation of Independent Businesses, Gallup, Wells Fargo Bank and Wells Fargo Securities

10. Recovery in home equity values has supported small business activity
Small Businesses
Recovery in home equity values has supported small business activity
Source: Federal Reserve Board, Wells Fargo Bank, Gallup and Wells Fargo Securities

11. Negative Equity Mortgages
The rise in home prices has helped bring down the share of owners who owe more on their home than their home is worth
Source: CoreLogic and Wells Fargo Securities

12. The homeownership rate is now at its lowest level since the 1960s.
U.S. Housing Market
Despite some recent setbacks, we continue to look for a gradual recovery in homebuilding.
The homeownership rate is now at its lowest level since the 1960s.
Homeownership
Owners vs. Renters
Source: NAR, CoreLogic, U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities 12 12

13. U.S. Housing Market
Household formations are rising, albeit slowly, however a larger share of new households are becoming renters rather than traditional homeowners
Household Formation
Housing Starts
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities 13 13

14. Demographic Breakdown
Millennials are now the country’s largest and most diverse generation
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

15. A Shifting Demographic Profile
Higher student debt burdens are hindering young adults’ ability to form new households.
Student Loans
Household Formation
Source: Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities 15 15

16. Demographic Fundamentals
A greater share of millennials are participating in the labor market.
Fewer millennials getting married implies slower or delayed growth in household formations.
Employment-Population Growth by Age
Marriage Rates by Generation
Sources: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities
Pew Research Center . (March 2014). “Millennials in Adulthood: Detached from Institutions, Networked with Friends.”

17. The Consumer
Food away from home, entertainment, and apparel spending have improved over the past year as the economy has picked up
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

18. Household Debt Delinquencies: Student Loans the Exception
Tighter credit standards and a strengthening economy have helped to improve the credit position of households over the past 3 years
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York and Wells Fargo Securities

19. Consumer Confidence and Equity Markets
“The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself” – Franklin D. Roosevelt
Source: The Conference Board, IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities 19 19

20. Consumer spending growth will continue to average around 2.5 percent
The Consumer
Consumer spending growth will continue to average around 2.5 percent
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

21. Unemployment Rates
Alternative measures of unemployment show a high level of underemployment
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

22. Employment Rate
Slower growth in the workforce population combined with lower labor force participation will limit potential GDP growth
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

23. The Employment Situation
The employment picture is mixed across different levels of education
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

24. Employment: Structural
A large proportion of the jobs created over the past four years have been part-time, which has weighed on wage & salary growth
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

25. Initial Claims
Initial jobless claims remain near historic lows but have shown recent signs of bottoming
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

26. Personal Income
Income growth has finally begun to turn around but still lags prior recoveries
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

27. U.S. Budget Gap
The federal government faces some significant fiscal challenges—the current path is not sustainable
Source: Congressional Budget Office and Wells Fargo Securities

28. Composition of Federal Spending Federal Debt Continues to Rise
Federal Fiscal Policy
The composition of federal spending has shifted dramatically.
The CBO projects that the debt-to-GDP ratio will surpass 85 percent by 2026.
Composition of Federal Spending
Federal Debt Continues to Rise
Source: Congressional Budget Office and Wells Fargo Securities 28 28

29. Political Outlook Baseline
D.C. Update
Political Outlook Baseline
Key Issues
FY 2017 budget debate
We expect a continuing resolution for FY 2017 that maintains funding levels until after the first of the year.
Control of the Senate
24 Republican seats up for re-election vs. 10 Democratic seats
Control of the House
Democrats would need to pick up 30 seats to regain control
Cook Political Report currently shows only 25 Toss Up Seats
Presidential Elections and the Economy
Our baseline is for a divided Congress regardless of who is in the White House, thus we do not expect to modify our outlook based on the outcome of the election.

30. Oil prices have continued to slump
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities

31. Oil Supply & Demand Factors
The implied supply & demand imbalance is expected to come down in the third quarter
Source: Energy Information Administration and Wells Fargo Securities

32. Inflation remains in check
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

33. FOMC Dot Plot
The tightening cycle has finally commenced, but the pace of tightening has been repeatedly revised down.
Source: Federal Reserve Board, Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities

34. Yield Curve: Short-Term Rates Headed Higher
The yield curve is expected to flatten further as the Fed raises short-term interest rates
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities

35. Global Economies: A Strong Dollar Policy?
The dollar has strengthened relative to the currencies of our major trading partners
Standard inst
Source: Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities

36. International Trade
The stronger U.S. dollar, slower global growth and stronger domestic demand will result in trade weighing on growth
Standard inst
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

37. Contributions to Chinese Growth
Chinese authorities hope to rebalance growth toward the service sector
Source: CEIC and Wells Fargo Securities

38. The Perception of Chinese Growth
Chinese growth appears slower to U.S. market participants due, in part, to the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the renminbi
Source: Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities

39. Chinese Financial Markets
Bank lending is the primary means of financing for Chinese companies—not equities
Source: International Monetary Fund and Wells Fargo Securities 39

40. Trade With China
China accounts for 7 percent of American exports and less than 1 percent of GDP
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

41. China Outlook
Growth in China will likely continue to downshift to a more sustainable pace
Source: Bloomberg LP and Wells Fargo Securities 41

42. The U.K. will remain a member of the EU until the exit is negotiated
Brexit
Brexit…what’s next?
Key Points
The U.K. needs to formally notify Brussels that they are leaving the European Union by triggering Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty
The mechanics of the Brexit need to be negotiated with the EU, which could take as long as 2 years
The U.K. will remain a member of the EU until the exit is negotiated
The two biggest issues for the U.K. to address:
Renegotiate trade agreements with the EU
Determine immigration rules, including the status of EU-27 citizens currently residing in the U.K.
We now expect a mild recession in the U.K. beginning in later this year and into 2017

43. U.K. GDP Growth
In our view, the uncertainty created by Brexit will lead to a modest U.K. recession in the near term
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities, August 2016 43

44. The Eurozone will see some improvement in the year ahead
Eurozone Outlook
The Eurozone will see some improvement in the year ahead
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities

45. Growth in the global economy remains below its long-run average
Global Forecast
Growth in the global economy remains below its long-run average
Source: International Monetary Fund and Wells Fargo Securities 45

46. Global Industrial Production
It would take a sharp downturn in the rest of the world to have a meaningful effect on U.S. economic growth
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities

47. The Health Care Industry

48. Health Care Spending by Type
Real health care spending continues to increase
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

49. Consumer Price Growth
Health care cost growth has increased in recent months as overall consumer price inflation has shown signs of stabilizing
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

50. Medical Care Inflation Components
After a sharp decline, inflation for pharmaceutical products has rebounded significantly
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities

51. Health Care Employment
Hiring in ambulatory care and hospitals are showing signs of slowing but remain high
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

52. Changing Demographics
The population aged 65 and older is growing much more rapidly than the under 65 age demographic
Source: U.S. Department of Labor and Wells Fargo Securities

53. Medicare and Medicaid Transfer Payments
Transfer payments for Medicare and Medicaid have shown steady growth over the past decade.
Medicare
Medicaid
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and Wells Fargo Securities 53 53

54. Medicare and Medicaid Expenditures Projections
The CBO projects that expenditures on federal government outlays for healthcare programs will continue to grow
Source: The Congressional Budget Office and Wells Fargo Securities

55. The Mix of Growth Is Shifting Toward Consumption
Five Key Takeaways
Economic Outlook
Headwinds from overseas will weigh on growth, but the U.S. economy should weather the storm. Look for real GDP to rise 1.5 percent in 2016.
The Mix of Growth Is Shifting Toward Consumption
Weak global growth and the strong dollar are keeping sectors tied closely to global markets, such as manufacturing, energy and agriculture, under pressure.
The Housing Recovery Will Gain Momentum
Demand for single-family homes remains sluggish as the home ownership rate continues to fall. Apartment construction is close to peaking.
Interest Rates and the Federal Reserve
The Fed has begun the process of raising short-term rates from record lows, but uncertainty remains surrounding the path of future rate hikes.
Global Growth Will Be Below Average In 2016
China’s growth will downshift but we do not expect a hard landing. Eurozone growth should begin to firm later this year.

56. Outlook Summary
Source: IHS Global Insight and Wells Fargo Securities

57. International Outlook
Source: International Monetary Fund and Wells Fargo Securities

58. FX Outlook
Source: Wells Fargo Securities

59. Appendix

60. Wells Fargo Economics Group Publications
A Sampling of Our Recent Special, Regional & Industry Commentary
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Recent Special Commentary

61. Wells Fargo Securities Economics Group
Diane Schumaker-Krieg …………………
Global Head of Research & Economics
Global Head of Research and Economics
Eric J. Viloria, Currency Strategist
Sarah House, Economist …………… …………
Michael A. Brown, Economist ……………… …
Jamie Feik, Economist
Economists
Chief Economist
John E. Silvia … …
Mark Vitner, Senior Economist……………....………. .
Jay H. Bryson, Global Economist …………………....……
Sam Bullard, Senior Economist
Nick Bennenbroek, Currency Strategist
Anika R. Khan, Senior Economist …
Eugenio J. Alemán, Senior Economist…
Azhar Iqbal, Econometrician………………… ……………
Tim Quinlan, Senior Economist …………… …………….
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