1. Three Phyla of Worms

2. Review the Animal Kingdom
4 Major Characteristics?
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
Cells lack cell walls

3. 7 Essential Functions? Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion
Response
Movement
Reproduction

4. Hard Shells
Fur & Milk Glands
Amniotic Egg
Lungs
Bony Skeleton
jaws
Brain Encased Skull

6. The Anatomy of a Sponge
Water flow
Osculum
Collar Cell
Central cavity
Pores
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
What makes the Porifera phyla the most simple of all animals?
What does the name “Porifera” actually mean?

7. Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war

8. Phylum: Annelida Phylum: Platyhelminthes Phylum: Nematoda
WORMS
Phylum: Annelida
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Phylum: Nematoda

9. What’s a Worm???
A long, thin invertebrate with BILATERAL symmetry, a nervous system, and cephalization
Simplest animal to have a true organs like a brain!
Reproduction - Sexual (hermaphroditic – male and female reproductive organs) and Asexual – Fission (breaking into pieces)
Many are parasites- (good/bad relationship) live on or in a host

10. 3 Distinct Phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms)
Annelida (segmented worms)

11. http://animal. discovery

13. Characteristics of Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
A. Soft flattened worms with true tissues and internal organs.
B. Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

14. Flatworms carry out 7 essential functions
1. Feeding – some carnivorous, most parasitic; one opening into gut; pharynx sucks in food and releases waste
2. Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion – No respiratory No circulatory system, system; Obtain nutrients and oxygen by diffusion directly into cells. Simple excretory system of specialized cells.

15. 3. Response/Movement – ganglia= groups of nerves in head control nervous system (like a brain); “ladder” of nerves run over body; eyespot detects light; move by cilia and squirming using outer layer of muscle tissue

16. Diseases caused by parasitic flatworms
Flukes-Usually infect internal organs of host – Example: The blood fluke Schistosoma- causes tissue damage that could result in death

17. Schistosome Life Cycle
Section 27-1
4. Inside the human host, the flukes produce eggs that clog blood vessels, causing swelling and damage to lungs, liver, spleen, and/or intestines
Primary host
Primary host (human)
Intermdiate host (snail)
Flukes mature and reproduce sexually in the blood vessels of human intestines. Embryos are released and passed out with feces.
Adult
fluke
Human
intestine
Embryo
Ciliated
larva
Tailed
larva
After asexual reproduction, new larvae are released from the snail into the water. They then infect humans, the primary host, by boring through their skin.
Once in the water, embryos develop into swimming larvae that infect an intermediate host (snail).
Secondary host

18. Diseases caused by parasitic flatworms
Flukes-Usually infect internal organs of host – Example: The blood fluke Schistosoma
Tapeworms – Long, flat, and have adaptations for life inside intestines of host

19. Parasitic Flatworms
Head with a scolex -suckers and hooks which attach to the host’s intestinal lining

22. Check Your Understanding
What type of symmetry do all worms have?
Worms are the simplest animals to have ____________ and ______________.
How do flatworms obtain nutrients and oxygen?
Bilateral
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Diffusion

23. The Characteristics of Roundworms Phylum Nematoda
A. Body plan- First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus (tube within in a tube);
B. First animals to have a fluid filled body cavity called a pseudocoelom- “false body cavity”

24. Roundworms Carry Out 7 Essential Functions
1. Feeding- many are carnivores with grasping mouthparts, some herbivores, many are parasites
2. Respiration/Circulation/ Excretion- No Respiratory or Circulatory Systems; rely on diffusion. Simple excretory organs.

25. 3. Response/movement -have ganglia (“brain”)and simple nervous system, have muscular system and move like snakes

26. Diseases caused by parasitic roundworms
A. Trichinella causes painful cysts in the muscle tissue of humans and other animals- transmitted by eating undercooked meat containing worm eggs

27. Diseases caused by parasitic roundworms
B. Filarial worms cause Elephantiasis- fluid buildup that causes abnormally large limbs – transmitted through the bite of insects like mosquitos

28. Diseases caused by parasitic roundworms
C. Ascarids cause malnutrition in humans, horses, cows, etc by filling the intestinal tract of its host and absorbing all nutrients

30. Diseases caused by parasitic roundworms
D. Hookworms attach to the lungs and intestines and suck blood – common in humans(1/4 of world population); larvae pierce the skin & burrow into the body. Can severely damage internal organs. Transmitted through humans’ and other animals’ waste. (Wear Shoes!)

31. Check Your Understanding
What is different about the roundworm’s digestive system as compared to the flatworm’s digestive system?
How are roundworm diseases transmitted?
What are ganglia?
A roundworm has a mouth and anus. A flatworm only has one opening
By eating undercooked meat, walking barefoot, insect bites
Nerve tissue that function as simple brains

32. Phylum Annelida

34. Figure 1 – Body Structure
anus
mouth
clitellum

35. Phylum Annelida
A. Body Plan- tube within a tube, digestive system with mouth and anus; body divided into sections called septa that are specialized for different functions. First animals to have true circulatory system and coelom – body cavity.

36. Annelids carry out 7 essential functions?
1. Feeding- predators to filter feeders; use pharynx to get food, stored in crop, ground up in gizzard, absorbed in intestine.

37. One-way Digestive System
Mouth  pharynx  esophagus (throat)  crop (storage area)  gizzard (grinds food)  intestines (digestion)  anus

38. Annelids carry out 7 essential functions?
2. Circulation/ Respiration/ Excretion- closed circulatory system with vessels; breath through gills or through skin; have excretory organs called nephridia

39. Annelids carry out 7 essential functions?
2. Circulation/ Respiration/ Excretion- closed circulatory system with vessels; breath through gills or through skin; have excretory organs called nephridia
3. Response/Movement- have ganglia in each segment and in the head, nervous system; move by contracting and relaxing muscles

40. The Anatomy of an Earthworm
Section 27-3
Anus
Clitellum
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Nephridia
Ganglia
Ring vessels
Reproductive organs
Ventral blood vessel
Ganglion
Brain
Mouth
Dorsal blood vessel
Crop
Gizzard
Body segments
Setae

41. Intestine
Gizzard
(grinds)
Clitellum
Dorsal blood vessel
Anus
Crop
(stores)
Aortic arches
Brain
Esophagus
Ventral
blood vessel
Ventral nerve cord
Pharynx
(throat)
Mouth
Segments

42. Ecology of Annelids
Aerate, mix, and fertilize the soil- have created some of the most fertile soils on earth!
Tunnels provide passage ways for plant roots and water
Important in the diets of many other animals such as birds, toads and snakes; marine annelids important in the diets of fishes, crabs, and lobsters

43. Check Your Understanding
Name one characteristic all three worm phyla have in common
What type of circulatory system do segmented worms have?

44. Figure 2 – Reproductive Structures
Sperm Grooves
prostomium
setae
Clitellum
Male genital pores
Earthworm coccoons

45. Intestine
Dorsal blood vessel
gizzard
crop
septa
Seminal vesicles
Aortic arches
pharynx
brain
mouth
Ventral blood vessel
ovaries
metameres
Seminal receptacles
Ventral nerve cord
nephridia
esophagus

47. Review What are the three types of worms?
How do worms such as a planarian “see”?
What kind of worm includes leeches and marine worms?
What makes a segmented worm, such as an earthworm, different from other worms in regards to their circulatory system?