1. Do Now
Read the article and answer the questions

2. Respiratory System
Chapter 16

3. Objectives To understand the functions of the respiratory system.
To identify the major organs and components of the respiratory system.

4. Functions of the Respiratory System
Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Trap particles (filter) from incoming air and help control the temperature and water content of the air
Produce vocal sounds
Participate in the sense of smell
Regulate blood pH

5. Events of Respiration
Movement of air into and out of lungs (ventilation)
Gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs (external respiration)
Gas transport in blood between lungs and body cells
Gas exchange between blood and cells (internal respiration)
*Cellular Respiration: oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production

6. Organs of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
2. Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

7. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Lungs in a Box
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

8. Organs of the Respiratory System

9. Do Now
If you were a doctor trying to measure a patient’s respiratory fitness, what methods could you use to find this out?
What kind of factors would you be looking to measure?
Would all of your patients have the same measurements? Why or why not?

10. The Nose
Two nostrils- openings in which air can enter and leave, guarded by internal hairs
Nasal septum- composed of bone and cartilage, divides the cavity into left and right portions
Nasal conchae- bones that curl out, dividing the cavity into passageways. Supports mucous membrane that lines cavity

11. Mucus Membrane
Lines the nasal cavity and helps increase its surface area
Contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium:
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Blood vessels warm air
Incoming air is moistened

12. Cilia Move thin layer of mucus and entrapped particles toward pharynx
Mucus is swallowed and gastric juices destroy microorganisms

13. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled spaces located within the skull
Reduce the weight of the skull
Affect the quality of the voice (resonant chambers)

14. Pharynx Throat Connects nasal and oral cavity to esophagus
Common passageway for: food→ esophagus air→ larynx

15. Do Now What organs/parts make up a sheep pluck?
What’s the purpose of having cartilage rings in the trachea?
Are your lungs hollow?
If you put a piece of lung in water, do you think it will float or sink?

16. Larynx Conducts air in and out of trachea
Prevents foreign objects from entering
Composed of muscle and cartilages
Largest are thyroid (“Adam’s apple”), cricoid and epiglottic cartilages
P.3, 5

17. Larynx (cont.)
Houses vocal cords (folds of muscle tissue and connective tissue):
False vocal cords: do not produce sound, help close airway during swallowing
True vocal cords: air forces cords to vibrate = sound
Glottis: opening between cords
Epiglottis: flap that covers larynx, prevents foods and liquids from entering air passages
*Laryngoscopy Video!

18. Trachea- “Windpipe” Lined by mucus membrane
C-shaped cartilage rings (hyaline cartilage) keep passageways open
Opening of cartilage is near the back of trachea to allow food to pass through the esophagus
Smooth muscle changes the size of the trachea when it contracts

19. Bronchial Tree
Trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi→ secondary bronchi→ tertiary bronchi → bronchioles
Bronchiole: when the bronchi no longer have cartilage they are called bronchioles
Asthma Video Clip

20. Bronchioles lead to Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs

21. Alveoli

22. Review Animation Review Mouth → Pharynx (throat) → Larnyx (voicebox) →
Trachea (windpipe) →
Bronchi → Primary, secondary and tertiary
Bronchioles →
Terminal bronchiole →
Alveoli
Review Animation

23. Do Now
List the pathway of air beginning with breathing through the nose!
P. 6, 3

24. Objectives
To explain the function and necessity of surfactant in the lungs.
To explain the differences in pressure during inspiration and expiration.
To define the different volumes and capacities within the lungs.

25. The Lungs Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs Contain Lobes:
Right lung= 3 lobes
Left Lung= 2 lobes
*Why is the left smaller??
Within the thoracic cavity:
Parietal pleural membrane
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleural membrane

26. Breathing Vocab Ventilation: breathing
Inspiration: inhalation, breathing in
Expiration: exhalation, breathing out

27. Inspiration Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
Diaphragm contracts downwards
Thoracic cavity enlarges
Pressure inside the lungs decreases
To equalize pressure, air enters lungs

28. Surface Tension
Inner surface of alveoli attracts water molecules, creates surface tension:
alveoli are harder to inflate and can actually collapse
Alveolar cells synthesize “surfactant” to fight this and make it easier to inflate the alveoli

29. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Premature babies do not produce sufficient surfactant and cannot breathe properly
Doctors drip synthetic surfactant into their lungs through a tube and they breath using a ventilator

30. Expiration
Elastic recoil of the lung tissue and surface tension of alveoli force expiration
Diaphragm relaxes
Size of thoracic cavity decreases
Surface tension decreases diameter of alveoli
Pressure increases inside lungs
Air is forced out

31. Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Coughing: airway obstruction in lower respiratory tract causes us to inhale, close the glottis, and force air out, opening the glottis and forcing out the obstruction
Sneezing: airway obstruction in upper respiratory tract, air forced through glottis into nasal passage. (can be propelled out at 200mph! Gross!!)
Laughing: Taking a breath and releasing it in short expirations
Hiccuping: sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm when the glottis is closed, passing air over vocal cords causes a hiccup sound
Yawning: low blood-oxygen concentration triggers yawn reflex that ventilates more of the alveoli

32. Respiratory Volumes Measure by an instrument called a “spirometer”
What are the volumes we covered in lab?

33. Respiratory Volumes
Tidal Volume: volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: extra air in lungs during forced inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume: air that exits during forced expiration
Residual Volume: air left in lungs even after forced expiration

34. Respiratory Capacities
Combining two or more volumes gives us a capacity:
Vital capacity: inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Function residual capacity: expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
Total Lung Capacity: vital capacity + residual volume (about 5,800 ml)

35. Respiratory Capacities

36. Review
Which non-respiratory air movement can clear an obstruction from the upper respiratory tract?
If you were to completely breath out everything you have in your lungs, what “volume” would still be left in there?
What is the name of the substance that allows inflation of the alveoli and is lacking in respiratory distress syndrome?

37. Respiratory Diseases
Read about the respiratory conditions and answer the questions.