1. Basic linguistic concepts
Introduction
Basic linguistic concepts

2. What is linguistics?

3. Goal of Linguistics Competence Hypothesis Observation Data Collection
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
etc...
Hypothesis
Observation
Data Collection
Performance
Prescriptive Grammar
vs.
Descriptive Grammar

4. Different Kinds of Ungrammaticality
I aksed you that before!
That is a great idear!
It ain’t true at all!
*I walks to the park everyday!

5. Different Dialect
‘Long Island Medium’ Threesa Caputo:
Paula Dean:

6. Features shared by all communication systems
A mode of communication:
All communication system has the means (organs) to transmit the messages.
Semanticity:
The signals/communications have a meaning or function.
Pragmatic function:
All system of communication serves some useful purpose.

7. Properties of Human Language
Displacement:
You can refer to past/present/future and other location
Arbitrariness:
No connection between a linguistic form (signal) and its meaning
Productivity:
You can understand/say any number of sentences that you may not have heard before.

8. Properties of Human Language
Cultural transmission:
Children’s ability to learn language is innate but they must learn it through communicative interaction with other users of the system.
Discreteness:
We can combine discreet units in order to create larger communicative units (such as speech sounds, words, sentences).

9. Human Language is unique
Communication System
Animal
Human Language
Mode of communication
Yes
Smell, touch, facial expression
Semanticity
Pragmatic function
Displacement No
Arbitrariness
Discreteness
Cultural transmission
Productivity

10. Language=speech language≠writing
NO specific instruction or learning required
Must be taught
Does not exist everywhere
Can be edited
Physically stable
More rules
Association with education

11. Pictographic writing system
Spoken human language 50, ,000 BC
Pictures on the walls 25,000-30,000 years BC

12. Pictographic writing system
BCE
Cuneiform in Mesopotamia
4000 BC
Hieroglyphics in Egypt

13. Early Chinese Characters
4500 years ago

14. Writing (orthographic) systems
Writing system:
a. Idiographic/logographic
b. syllabic
c. alphabetic

15. Ideo(logo)graphic writing system
4500 years ago in China
Light:
Forest:
Foot of mountain:
Walk:

16. Syllabic and Alphabetic writing system
Syllabic (cf. syllable)
1 syllable = 1 character
Banana: ba.na.na  バナナ
Sushi: su.shi. すし
Alphabetic
1 sound (ideally) = 1 character
Banana: b.a.n.a.n.a  6 characters

17. Hiragana
Vowels, consonants [+/-voi]
Any inconsistencies or problems?

18. Kanji and Katakana
Katakana derived from abbreviated Chinese characters used by Buddhist monks to indicate pronunciations of Chinese text in the 9th century. What are the usages of Katakana in Modern Japanese?

19. Japanese Writing System: Mixture of innovation and tradition
What made Japanese to use ideographic and syllabic writing system?
I go to school. I went to school. I went to school yesterday.
keywords: isolating language, morpheme, syllable, inflections

20. 我去學校　 vs　 私は大学に行く
我去了學校　 vs　 私は大学に行った
昨天我去了學校　 vs　 私は作日大学に行った

21. Biology of Speech Sounds

22. The articulators

23. Vowel Sounds Components of vowels
Height of the tongue (high, mid, low)
Advancement of the tongue (front, mid, back)
Roundness of lips (rounded or unrounded)
Tense or lax (long or short)

24. English Vowel Chart

25. Two Kinds of Speech Sounds
Consonants
Vowels

26. Consonant Sounds manner of articulation Voiced or Voiceless [+/- voi]
3 components of consonant articulation
Voiced or Voiceless [+/- voi]
Where the air stream gets constricted?  place of articulation
How the air stream gets constricted?
manner of articulation

27. English consonants

28. Japanese Consonants

29. English Vowels

30. Japanese Vowels