1. Web Security
CS-431

2. HTTP Authentication
Protect web content from those who don’t have a “need to know”
Require users to authenticate using a userid/password before they are allowed access to certain URLs
HTTP/1.1 requires that when a user makes a request for a protected resource the server responds with a authentication request header
WWW-Authenticate
contains enough pertinent information to carry out a “challenge-response” session between the user and the server
Client requests a protected resource
Client
Web Server
Server responds with a 401 (not
authorized and a challenge request
for the client to authenticate

3. Client Response
Well established clients like Netscape, Internet Explorer …. Will respond to the challenge request (WWW-Authenticate) by presenting the user with a small pop-up window with data entry fields for
userid
password
a Submit button and a Cancel button
entering a valid userid and password will post the data to the server, the server will attempt authentication and if authenticated will serve the originally requested resource.

4. WWW-Authenticate
The authentication request received by the browser will look something like:
WWW-Authenticate = Basic realm=“defaultRealm”
Basic indicates the HTTP Basic authentication is requested
realm indicates the context of the login
realms hold all of the parts of security puzzle
Users
Groups
ACLs (Access Control Lists)
Basic Authentication
userid and password are sent base 64 encoded (might as well be plain text)
hacker doesn’t even need to unencode all he has to do is “replay” the blob of information he stole over and over ( this is called a “replay attack”)

5. WWW-Authenticate Digest Authentication
attempts to overcome the shortcomings of Basic Authentication
WWW-Authenticate = Digest realm=“defaultRealm” nonce=“Server SpecificString”
see RFC 2069 for description of nonce, each nonce is different
the nonce is used in the browser in a 1-way function (MD5, SHA-1….) to encode the userid and password for the server, this function essentially makes the password good for only one time
Common browsers don’t use Digest Authentication but an applet could as an applet has access to all of the Java Encryption classes needed to create the creation of a Digest.

6. WWW-Authenticate Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Public Key Cryptography
Invented by Netscape and made public domain for everyone’s use
An additional layer to the TCP/IP stack that sits between the Application and Transport layers
ensures that all application data is encrypted but TCP/IP headers are not
usually run on port 443 (default HTTPS port)
Public Key Cryptography
owner of a private key sends a public key to all who want to communicate with him (keys are both prime factors of a large (1024 bit) number). Owner keeps the private key secret and uses it to decrypt information sent to him that has been encrypted with the public-key
RSA algorithm is most notable public-key cipher algorithm
Digital Certificates
issued by a disinterested third party (ex. Verisign)
the Certificate contains the public-key for the specific Web Server and a digital signature of the certifying authority

7. back to SSL
Once a secure session is established the source requests the destinations certificate ( sent in the http header (uncncrypted))
once the source accepts the authenticity of the certificate it uses the public-key from the certificate to encrypt the generated session key for protecting the conversation between the source and destination.
Session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher (slow)
conversation is encrypted using an asymmetric cipher (fast)
its done this way to speed up overall communications, strong encryption (slow) is used as little as possible while weaker encryption is used for most exchanges
actual cipher algorithms are negotiated on a per-session basis

8. New in Java 1.4 Separate packages that are now included as part of JDK
JCE - Java Cryptography classes
JSSE - Java Secure Sockets Extension
JAAS - Java Authentication and Authorization Services
Java GSS API - Java Generic Security Services API
Java Certification Path API

9. JCE JCE covers encryption and decryption key agreement
symmetric bulk encryption, such as DES, RC2, and IDEA
Symmetric stream encryption, such as RC4
Asymmetric encryption, such as RSA
Password-based encryption (PBE)
key agreement
Message Authentication Code (MAC)
Strong Cryptography is the default
unlimited is available (depending on export restrictions)

10. JSSE
Provides support for communications using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security)
commonly thought of as HTTPS
part of javax.net
SSL (and thus HTTPS) permits encrypted traffic to be exchanged between the client and server.
After an SSL client initiates a conversation with an SSL server, the server sends an X.509 certificate back to the client for authentication. The client then checks the validity of the certificate. Assuming the server is verified, the client generates a premaster secret key, encrypts it with the server's public key from the certificate, and sends the encrypted key back to the server. From this premaster key, the client and server generate a master key for the session. After some basic handshaking, the encrypted exchange can commence.
The JSSE library hides these inner workings of the SSL protocol from you.

11. JAAS
JAAS provides for the authentication of users and the authorization of tasks based upon that authentication
Previously, anyone authenticated had access to the same security restrictions. Now, you can control what tasks are available for a specific authenticated user
requires modification of security policies

12. Java GSS-API adds Kerberos V5 support to the Java platform.
Kerberos originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as project Athena back in 1987.
Essentially, a network authentication protocol.
Defined in RFC 1510 from 1993
biggest draw is not having to send passwords over the net.
offers single sign-on within one domain -- if everything within the domain has been Kerberos-enabled.
support is also provided for single sign-on across different security realms over a network.
Used in conjunction with JAAS, once a user's identity is established, future authentication requests are no longer necessary.

13. Java Certification Path API
Certification Path API provides classes for building and validating certificate chains, an important requirement of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).
These certificates provide for the storage of security keys for users. By trusting the issuer of a certificate that holds the keys, and trusting the issuer of the certificate that trusts the original certificate, you establish chains of trust
Building and validating certification paths is an important part of many standard security protocols, such as SSL/TLS, Secure/MIME (S/MIME), and IP Security (IPsec).