1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Definition
Process of releasing energy (catabolism) stored in molecules to produce ATP which is used to drive biosynthetic reactions (anabolism).

4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways
Anaerobic
Definition
Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
   Aerobic
Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

6. OXIDATION/REDUCTION Redox Coenzymes Hydrogen Atoms Oxidation
Reducing NAD+ and FAD
Accept H atoms to become NADH & FADH2
Oxidizing NADH and FADH2
Release H atoms to become NAD+ & FAD
Hydrogen Atoms
Oxidation
Release an electron to become H+

7. ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
Glucose ----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

8. Figure 8.4

10. ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvate ----> 2 Ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
   

12. ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Lactate Fermentation
Pyruvate ----> 2 Lactate + 2 ATP
   

14. ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Anaerobic Electron Transport
Sulfates & Nitrogen used as electron acceptors

15. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
I. Pyruvate/Krebs Cycle Bridge
Pyruvate ----> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

17. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
II. Krebs (Citric Acid, TCA) Cycle
Acetyl CoA + Oxalacetate ---->
Citrate + CO2 + NADH + FADH2

21. Fig. 7.2

23. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
III. Electron Transport Chain
NADH ----> NAD+ + H+ + e-
FADH2 ----> FAD + 2H+ + 2e-

26. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
IV. Chemiosmosis (Electron Transport Phosphorylation)
  ATP Synthase
ADP + Pi > ATP
(H+)

29. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
V. Final Electron Acceptance
H+ + e- + ½ O2 ----> H2O

32. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Final Endproducts CO2 H2O ENERGY (100% Potential)
36 ATP or 38 ATP (40%)
ANAEROBIC: 2
AEROBIC: (Skeletal Muscles & Brain)
36 (Liver, Kidneys, Heart)
HEAT (60%)
Unusable energy for the cell

33. Fig. 7.9

34. CARBOHYDRATE CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycogen ----> Glucose ----> Pyruvate Pyruvate Anaerobic (Possible Pathways) ----> Glycerol ----> Alcohol ----> Lactate ----> Amino Acids Aerobic (Possible Pathways) ----> Acetyl CoA ---> Krebs Cycle----> Chemiosmosis ----> Fatty Acids ----> Triglycerides

36. PROTEIN CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Proteins ---> Amino Acids (AA) ----> Deamination (-NH3+)
Amino Acids (Possible Pathways)
a) Pyruvate ----> Glucose
----> Glycerol
----> Acetyl CoA
b) Acetyl CoA ----> FA ---> TG
----> Krebs ---> ETP
c) Oxalacetate ---> Krebs ---> ETP
2) NH > Ammonia ----> Urea

39. LIPIDS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Triglycerides--> Fatty Acids + Glycerol 1) Fatty Acids ----> Acetyl CoA ----> Krebs Cycle ----> Chemiosmosis 2) Glycerol----> Pyruvate ----> Glucose ----> Amino Acid ----> Acetyl CoA

42. ALCOHOL CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Ethanol ---> Acetaldehyde ---> Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA ----> Krebs Cycle ----> Chemiosmosis ----> Fatty Acids ----> Triglycerides