1. II. Earthquakes
Small magnitude earthquakes are much more common than larger magnitude earthquakes

2. II. Earthquakes
Deaths from earthquakes vary from year to year depending on where they occur with respect to population centers and with varying degrees of earthquake preparedness (say differences in building design).

3. Deaths from earthquakes vary from year to year depending on where they occur with respect to population centers and with varying degrees of earthquake preparedness (say differences in building design).
Global population
Source: USDA - NRCS

4. Deaths from earthquakes vary from year to year depending on where they occur with respect to population centers and with varying degrees of earthquake preparedness (say differences in building design).
Earthquakes

5. II. Earthquakes *Haiti (2010) – 7.0 M Tangshan, China (1976) – 7.8 M
Yellow highlights similar magnitude earthquakes
II. Earthquakes
*Haiti (2010) – 7.0 M
222,570 people killed, 300,000 injured, 1.3 million displaced, 97,294 houses destroyed and 188,383 damaged
Tangshan, China (1976) – 7.8 M
242,000 killed
*Armenia (1988) – 6.9 M w/ 5.9 M aftershock (4 minutes later)
25,000 killed
Mexico City (1985) – 8.1 M
8000 killed
*San Francisco (1989) – 7.1 M (Loma Prieta earthquake)
62 killed
*L.A. area (1994) – 6.8 M (Northridge earthquake)
51 killed
Kobe, Japan (1995) – 6.9 M
6300 killed
*we will be using these events to contrast earthquakes in urban areas in more developed and richer societies that were prepared versus less developed countries where societies were not prepared.

6. II. Earthquakes Armenia (1988) – 6.9 M w/ 5.9 M aftershock
25,000 killed; 31,000 more injured, 500,000 homeless (~71%)
Major damage to 84 hospitals
Killed or injured ~80% of doctors/nurses
Major cause of death and injuries >>> Building collapse
Prefab concrete buildings pancaked
Economic losses < <$1 billion
Tectonic setting: Continent-Continent collision

7. II. Earthquakes Mexico City – 8.1 M (19 Sept 1985)
Focus/epicenter 350 km (220 miles) west of city at subduction zone margin
Two major aftershocks: 7.5 M (21 Sept) & 7.1 M (25 Oct)
8000+ deaths, mostly due to building collapse
Earthquake caused little damage/deaths in cities and villages between epicenter and Mexico City
Why? Enhanced shaking (seismic wave amplification)
Eight story building

8. II. Earthquakes Loma Prieta (1989) – 7.1 M (World Series earthquake)
42 km (26 mile) section of San Andreas fault ruptured
67 killed; 3757 injured; 12,000 homeless
Majority of deaths due to collapse of Nimitz Freeway bridge
Buildings in Marina district partially collapsed
$6 billion in property damage

9. II. Earthquakes Kobe, Japan (1995) – 6.9 M
50 km section of fault ruptured, 1.7 meters horizontal and 1 meter vertical
~6400 killed (small % of 1.5 million residents)
150,000 buildings damaged/destroyed; many traditional wooden structure homes w/ heavy tile roofs
Economic losses ~ $2.9 billion

10. II. Earthquakes Anchorage, Alaska – 9.2 M Good Friday, 1964 131 killed
Major killer was tsunami (122 of 131)
Major liquefaction in the Turnagain subdivision
Major losses in the shipping and fishing industries
Tsunami damage
Liquefaction damage