1. Question of the Day What is Earth Science?
Homework:
Buy all your supplies.
Read class expectations and lab guidelines, then get both signed and returned by Friday 3

2. What is Earth Science?
The study of Earth and its position in the universe.
It’s a combination of 4 sciences:
Geology
Oceanography
Meteorology
Astronomy

3. Geology
The study of the history, structure, processes, & composition of Earth’s solid surface down to Earth’s center.

4. Oceanography
The study of all aspects of Earth’s oceans.

5. Meteorology
The study of the Earth’s atmosphere, including weather and climate.

6. Astronomy
The study of the universe: all matter, time, energy, & space.

7. Activity
Choose one of the 4 branches of Earth Science and think of a career in that field. Share with a neighbor.
Geology Oceanography
Meteorology Astronomy

8. Exit Ticket
Earth Science includes 4 sciences. What are they?
Please write your name on top of a sheet of paper, then list the 4 sciences.

10. What’s the difference between an observation and an inference?
Question of the Day
What’s the difference between an observation and an inference?
Warm-up:
Hand in any signed expectations and lab guidelines. Staple together. 4

11. Observation
The perception of some aspect of the environment by 1 or more senses.
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell

12. Inference An interpretation of an observation.
Causes, conclusions, or explanations for what’s been observed.
Can be a prediction.

13. What observations can you make?
What inferences can you make?

14. What observations can you make?
What inferences can you make?

15. What observations can you make?
What inferences can you make?

16. What observations can you make?
What inferences can you make?

17. But our senses are limited…
But our senses are limited…. What can we do to have SUPERPOWERS of observation??

18. Instrument
A human-made device that extends the senses beyond their normal limits.
What are some examples?
What would you use to study radioactive uranium?

19. A student recorded 4 statements about a rock. Which is an observation?
Regents Question
A student recorded 4 statements about a rock. Which is an observation?
1. The rock formed deep in the Earth.
2. The rock cooled very rapidly.
3. The rock dates from the Mesozoic Era.
4. The rock is black and shiny.

20. Regents Question
Which statement about a cumulus cloud seen over Syracuse, NY, is an inference?
1. The cloud appears white.
2. The cloud has an irregular shape.
3. The cloud formed over Lake Ontario.
4. The base of the cloud is determined to be 2.6 km above the ground.

22. How do scientists classify their data?
Question of the Day
How do scientists classify their data?
Homework:
Complete lab by Monday, if not finished in class.
Warm-up:
Read lab. Write down any questions you may have. 6

24. Classification
Scientists group together similar observations and inferences to make the study of objects and events more meaningful or easier to understand.
This grouping is called classification.

25. Property
Scientists base classifications on observations of the properties of objects.
A property is a characteristic of something. Properties such as hair color or height could be used to group, or classify, students in this class.

26. Classification Lab
You should be able to finish this period. But if not, the lab is
Due Monday.
Important point:
There is no one correct way to classify the objects, but many ways. Be creative, but consistent!

27. Regents Question
A student is asked to classify several rocks. For best results, the classification should be based on
inferences
interpretations
hypotheses
observations.

28. Regents Question
The grouping of objects or events based on similar characteristics is called
observation
interpretation
measurement
classification

30. What units do we use when we collect data?
Question of the Day
What units do we use when we collect data?
Warm-up:
Which is an: Observation? Inference?
A. This class worked well together on the first 2 labs.
B. This class will do well on the Regents in June. 7

31. Measurement Means of expressing an observation with greater accuracy.
A numerical value.
Direct comparison to known standard.

32. Length
Distance between 2 points.
Measured with ruler, e.g.
Basic unit: meter (m)
= Distance from doorknob to floor
Time
Duration
Stopwatch, e.g.
second (sec)

33. Mass
Amount of matter in an object.
ALWAYS THE SAME.
Balance.
gram (g)
Weight
Pull (force) of Earth’s gravitational pull.
Varies with location.
Spring scale.
newton (N) = 1 orange

34. Astronaut on Moon Mass is the same as on Earth.
Weight is 1/6th his weight on Earth.

35. Teacher on Moon A teacher lands on the moon. Is his Weight 1) the same
2) different
Is his Mass
1) the same
2) different

36. Temperature Average kinetic energy. Thermometer.
Fahrenheit (ºF), or Celsius (ºC), or Kelvin (K)

37. Earth Science Reference Table (ESRT)
Water boils at
212 ºF = 100 ºC = 373 K
Water freezes at
32 ºF = 0 ºC = 273 K

38. Some measurements require a combination of units.
Area
Amount of surface within boundaries
Length x width. Two dimensions.
Expressed in square units of length: square meters (m2), e.g.

39. Volume Amount of space an object occupies.
Length x width x height, e.g. Three dimensions. 3-D!
Expressed in cubic units: cubic centimeters (cm3), e.g.
Solids: m3
Liquids: milliliters (mL) or liters (L)
1 cm3 = 1 mL

40. Density Amount of matter that occupies a given space.
D = M Density = Mass
V Volume
Solids: grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
Liquids: grams per milliliter (g/mL)

41. A balloon and a bowling ball both have the same volume
A balloon and a bowling ball both have the same volume. Which has the higher density? Why?
2. Bowling Ball
1. Balloon

42. Metric System Prefix Multiplier Kilometer 1000 (thousand) Hecto-
100 (hundred)
Deka-
10 (ten)
BASE: METER 1
Deci-
0.1
Centimeter
0.01
Millimeter
0.001

43. A measurement is best defined as
Regents Question
A measurement is best defined as
an inference made by using the senses
direct comparison to a known standard
an interpretation based on theory
a group of inferred properties

45. How do we use instruments to collect data?
Question of the Day
How do we use instruments to collect data?
Warm-up:
Complete Little Millie Metric sheet. 8

46. How do we use instruments to collect data?
Question of the Day
How do we use instruments to collect data?
Warm-up:
Write down the formula for:
1. Area
2. Volume 8

47. Balance
The amount of matter in an object: _____
Mass

48. Reading a Balance
#1 Determine your increments.

49. Ruler
Distance between 2 points: ______
Length

50. Reading a Ruler
#1 Determine the increments.

51. Volume of solids Amount of space an object occupies.
Two kinds of procedures:
Regular-shaped object
2) Irregular-shaped object

52. Volume of Regular-Shaped Solids
1. Measure object with ruler.
2. V = L x W x H
(Volume = Length x Width x Height)
3. Cubic units of length: cubic centimeters (cm3), e.g.

53. Volume of Irregular-Shaped Solids
Displacement Method
1. Fill graduated cylinder with water. Record water volume.
2. Tilt cylinder & gently drop in object. Record new water volume.
3. Subtract old water volume from new water volume.
4. Difference in mL = volume of the object in cm3. (1 mL = 1 cm3)

54. Reading the Meniscus on a Graduated Cylinder
#1 Determine the increments.

55. Thermometer
Average kinetic energy: ________________
Temperature

56. Reading a Thermometer
#1 Determine the increments.

61. Warmup: Fill in blanks with units below
Time
Density
Temp.
Volume
m2, km, kg, N, °C, g/mL, s, cm3
Mass
Weight
Length
Area 9

62. Time
Density
Temp.
Volume s
g/mL °C
cm3
ANSWERS
Mass
Weight
Length
Area kg N km m2

63. How do we communicate scientific data?
Question of the Day
How do we communicate scientific data?
Warm-up:
Do you think Global Warming is a Scientific Theory or Scientific Law? 9

64. Scientific Theory vs. Law
An attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in nature.
Scientific Law
A rule that describes a pattern in nature.

65. Scientific Theory vs. Law
The Big Bang
Global Warming
Scientific Law
The melting of ice is a law, or “rule,” that has been observed numerous times.

66. Scientific Theory vs. Law
An attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world. A.
Scientific Law
B. A rule that describes a pattern in nature. B.

67. Scientific Notation
Some scientific data has very small numbers or very large numbers.
Scientific notation is a shorthand way to express these numbers as a multiplier and a power of 10.

68. Scientific Notation
Approximate number of stars in Sombrero galaxy is 90,000,000,000
In scientific notation: 9.0 x 1010

69. Scientific Notation
Diameter of an atom in meters is m
In scientific notation: 1.0 x m

70. Convert to Scientific Notation
1000 mm
1.0 x 103 mm mm
1.86 x 10-3 mm
35,000 mm
3.5 x 104 mm

71. Percent Deviation (Percent Error)
Comparison of measured number to known actual (or accepted) number.
Difference from
Percent deviation = accepted value x 100%
accepted value

72. Percent Deviation Difference from Mass of measured object = 127.5 g
Percent deviation = accepted value x 100%
accepted value
Mass of measured object = g
Accepted value = 125 g
1. Difference from accepted value: – 125 = 2.5
2. Percent deviation = x 100%
125 =
= 2.0 %

73. What is the Percent Deviation?
Difference from
Percent deviation = accepted value x 100%
accepted value
Measured velocity of stream = 2.5 m/sec.
Accepted value = 3.0 m/sec.
Percent deviation = 17%

74. Scientific Notation and Percent Deviation
NAME: ____________________________ Date: ____________________
Scientific Notation and Percent Deviation
Number
Equivalent in Scientific Notation
1) 1,000,000 2)
10-6 3)
4 x 107 4)
5) 3356 6)
x 102

75. Percent deviation = accepted value x 100 accepted value
Difference from
Percent deviation = accepted value x 100
accepted value
1. In measuring a table, a student found its length to be 1.9 meters (m). If the accepted value is 2.0 meters, what is the percent deviation of the student’s measurement?
(1) 10 % (2) 5.0 % (3) 7.5 % (4) 1 %
2. A student measures the length of a room to be 4.64 m. If the actual length of the room is 5.80 m, the student’s percent deviation is
(1) 6.0 % (2) 8.0 % (3) 14.0 % (4) 20 %
3. A student determines the volume of a cubic crystal to be 7.48 cubic centimeters. What is the percent error if the correct volume of the crystal is 8.0 cubic centimeters?
(1) 6.0 % (2) 6.5 % (3) 7.0 % (4) 7.5 %
4. A student determines the diameter of a rock to be 1.5 m. If the accepted value is 2.0 m, what is the student’s percent deviation?
(1) 25 % (2) 33 % (3) 40 % ( 4) 50 %

77. What affects density? (And what does Coke have to do with it?)
Question of the Day
What affects density? (And what does Coke have to do with it?)
CLASS VOTE!
Which soda can is more dense: Coke, Diet Coke? Same? Why?
Coke Diet Coke
Same 10

78. Compare and Contrast Same Different 12 fluid oz.
Shape
__________
Different
Coke contains corn syrup
Diet Coke contains Aspartame
______________

79. Relative Density
Flotation of solid objects in liquid
Lower density = higher it floats
Lowest to highest density? Solid A Solid B Solid C Liquid? B A
Liquid C

80. Temperature Temperature increases = gas less dense
Molecules further apart, so less mass in the same volume

81. Temperature Temperature decreases = gas more dense
Molecules closer, so more mass in same volume

82. Pressure
Pressure increases = gas more dense

83. Pressure
Pressure decreases = gas less dense

85. Phases of Matter
Lowest density
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Highest density
Solid phase – atoms closest together

86. WATER is the exception!
Question:
Which phase of water is less dense:
1) Solid
or ) Liquid

87. Water Highest density is liquid state at 3.98 °C
Solid water (ice) floats on liquid water
Most substances, solid sinks in liquid
Q. What is the density of water at 3.98 °C?

90. 1. What’s the same? 2. What’s different? Name Mass Volume Density
Aluminum (AL)
Zinc (Z)
Iron (Fe)
Brass (Br)
Copper (Cu)

91. Accepted Values
NAME Density (g/cm3)
Aluminum (AL)
Zinc (Z)
Iron (Fe)
Brass (Br)
Copper (Cu)

93. Can you solve a density mystery?
Question of the Day
Can you solve a density mystery?
Warm-up:
Take out Earth Science Reference Tables (ESRT). Find the formula for density.
Solve for X in each of the following. Then rank in order of density.
X = 8 g
2 cm3
2) 4 g/cm3 = X
2 cm3
3) 4 g/cm3 = 8 g X 11

99. Density Lab!
Objective: You will be able to calculate the densities of different materials using various measurement techniques and instruments.
Warm-up:
Fill out top of Density Lab with Due Date & Full Name. 12

100. Density Lab! Important Points
Round density calculations to nearest 1/10th (.10)
Round percent deviation calculations to whole numbers (no decimals).
Show your calculations.
Double-check all calculations.
Answer questions in complete sentences. Write neatly.

101. Accepted Values of Density
NAME Density (g/cm3)
Aluminum 2.7
Glass
“Steel” Sphere
Steel Block
Water 1