1. Objective
To learn about the ideas and individuals attributed to The Enlightenment.

2. Daily Opener: Interpretation
What do you think is going on here:
A meeting to plan a constitution
Evaluate paintings
Observe the latest fashions
Discuss philosophical issues

3. “Age of Enlightenment”

4. Key Events
The ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment laid the foundation for a modern worldview based on rationalism and secularism. 
Enlightenment thought led some rulers to advocate such natural rights as equality before the law and freedom of religion. 
The American colonies formed a new nation and ratified the Constitution of the United States based on these ideas.

5. Recap: The Impact Today
Scientists use research techniques that are based on the 1. scientific method. 
The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the rights of the individual, paving the way for the rise of 2. democracy. 
Montesquieu’s idea of 3. separation of powers strongly influenced the writing of the Constitution of the United States.

6. identify and describe conditions that led to the Enlightenment. 
RECAP
describe the scientific advances of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their impact on society. 
identify and describe conditions that led to the Enlightenment. 
explain new philosophies and the social changes that arose during the Enlightenment.

7. Recap(cont.)
The study of mathematics in the Renaissance contributed to the scientific achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
The great scientists of the day believed that the secrets of nature were written in the language of mathematics. 
These intellectuals developed new theories that became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.

8. Discussed reason, natural law, hope, and progress.
Path to the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement built on the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. 
Philosophers hoped to make a better society by applying the scientific method and reason to social problems. 
Discussed reason, natural law, hope, and progress.

9. Key Ideas
Following Newton, the men and women of the Enlightenment, known as the philiosophes, argued that the natural laws that govern human behavior could be discovered.
The philosophes originally pinned their hopes on enlightened despotism, the hope that the powerful monarchs would use their power to reform and revolutionize society
Salons and new places to discuss ideas

10. Centers of the Enlightenment

11. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Rationalism  reason is the arbiter of all things.
Cosmology a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the universe.
Secularism  application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy.

12. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Scientific Method
Mathematical analysis
Experimentation
Inductive reasoning.
Utilitarianism  the greatest good for the greatest number.
Tolerance  No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.

13. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Optimism & Self-Confidence
The belief that man is intrinsically good.
The belief in social progress.
Freedom
Of thought and expression.
Bring liberty to all men (modern battle against absolutism).
Education of the Masses

14. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Legal Reforms
Justice, kindness, and charity  no torture or indiscriminant incarceration.
Due process of law.
Constitutionalism
Written constitutions  listing citizens, rights.
Cosmopolitanism.

15. The “Enlightened” Individual The Philosophe
Not really original thinkers as a whole, but were great publicists of the new thinking  CHANGE & PROGRESS!
They were students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms.

16. French Salons

17. Voltaire

18. Voltaire (1712-1778) AKA  Francois Marie Arouet.
Essay on the Customs and Spirit of Nations, 1756
Candide, 1759
Philosophical Dictionary, 1764

19. John Locke (1632-1704) Letter on Toleration, 1689
Two Treatises of Government, 1690
Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693
Tabula Rasa

20. John Locke’s Philosophy (II)
There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings.
life, liberty, property!
The doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings was nonsense.
He favored a republic as the best form of government.

21. Thomas Hobbs Leviathan (1651)
Self-interest motivated nearly all of human behavior
Need a government capable of striking their fear of death in its subjects and guaranteeing that lawful subjects would attain a good quality of life

22. The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Persian Letters, 1721
On the Spirit of Laws, 1758

23. Montesquieu’s Philosophy
Three types of government:
Monarchy.
Republic.
Despotism.
A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty.

24. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750
Emile, 1762.
The Social Contract, 1762.

25. Rousseau’s Philosophy (II)
Virtue exists in the ”state of nature,” but lost in “society.”
Government must preserve “virtue” and ”liberty.”
Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.
The concept of the ”Noble Savage.”
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
Civil liberty  invest ALL rights and liberties into a society.

26. Rousseau’s Philosophy (III)
In The Social Contract:
The right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free.
Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.”
Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other.
This social contract was derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible.

27. Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
argued that people formed governments and laws to protect their private property, but the government relationship enslaved them.

28. Diderot
Published the writings and popularized the ideas of many philosophes in his Encyclopedia

29. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations
There were laws of human labor, production, and trade that stemmed from the unerring tendency of all humans to seek their own self-interest
Invisible hand

30. Mary Wollstonecraft The Vindication of the Rights of Women
Reason was the basis of moral behavior for all human beings