1. Non-traditional Vegetable Oil: A Potential Source for Green Lubricants T.M.Panchal1, A.V.Patel1, M.Thomas1 and J.V.Patel1, 1Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, INDIA.

2. A brief idea about lubricants
A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. (Slipperiness)

3. Environmental problems due to drainage and spillage of petroleum oil.
This is what “I” can do. . .

4. Sustainability ? ? ????
Over the last several years, sustainability has become an industry buzz-word used to describe everything from bio-based products to renewable energy production. Coupled with this broad usage, comes an equally broad lack of clear understanding of sustainability; what it means and what is does not mean. The word itself is derived from the Latin “sus-tinere”, which translates as “to hold up or uphold”, for example to hold up (sustain) future generations through today's activities

5. 2. Non toxic and easily bio degradable 3. Low volatility.
The above discussed problems can be solved by using vegetable oils instead of mineral oil as they are:
1. Easily available
2. Non toxic and easily bio degradable
3. Low volatility.
4. Can be produced easily
The search for environmentally friendly materials that have potential to substitute for mineral oil in various industrial applications is nowadays being considered a top priority research topic.
Value added products from renewable resources makes the society as well as country economically stable and they are sustainable indeed.
Also for the countries whose economy is based on agriculture, gets build up rapidly by exploration of such bio resources.

7. Chemical Modification
Bio-lubricants
Vegetable oil can be chemically modified by various unit processes.
This modified vegetable oil was used as lubricating oil and also as base oil in formulating bio based grease.
Chemical Modification

8. Chemical modification of vegetable oils

9. Bio based lubricating grease

10. Drop point
The dropping point of grease is the temperature at which the thickener loses its ability to maintain the base oil within the thickener matrix. This may be due to the thickener melting or the oil becoming so thin that the surface tension and capillary action become insufficient to hold the oil within the thickener matrix.
Drop point of lubricating grease can be measured using ASTM D566.

11. Greases
Drop point
Lithium grease using Neem oil hexyl ester as base oil
167°C
Lithium grease using Neem oil octyl ester as base oil
178°C
Lithium grease using Neem oil neopentyl ester as base oil
144°C
Lithium grease using mineral base oil
195°C

12. Cone Penetration
Grease consistency is measured at 25°C / 77°F after the sample has been subjected to 60 double strokes in the ASTM grease worker. After the sample has been prepared, a penetrometer cone is released and allowed to sink into the grease under its own weight for 5 seconds. The depth the cone has penetrated is then read, in tenths of a millimeter. The further the cone penetrates the grease, the higher the penetration result and the softer the grease.
Lubricating greases consistency is measured by ASTM D 1403 method, and is reported in terms of various NLGI grades ranging from 000 for semi fluid to 6 for solid block greases.

13. Lithium grease using various base oils.
Lithium grease using various base oils.
Worked penetration
(dmm)
NLGI grade
Neem oil hexyl ester
305.5
1.5
Neem oil octyl ester
237.75 3
Neem oil neopentyl ester
174 4
Mineral oil
based grease
264 2

14. Weld Load
Load is an important factor affecting the lubricant performance. Lubricant should sustain enough on the surface under high load applications, it should not squeeze out from the surface or else would cause the surfaces to weld due to extreme friction.
For heavily loaded application, a high viscosity lubricant is required. The test is used to determine the load barring properties of a lubricant at high test loads. Four-Ball Test measures a lubricant’s extreme pressure properties under Hertzian contact in sliding or rolling motion
It can be measured using ASTM 2596

15. Lithium grease using various base oils.
Weld load
(kg)
Neem oil hexyl ester
160
Neem oil octyl ester
Neem oil neopentyl ester
200
Mineral oil
126

16. Wear-Preventative Characteristics of Lubricating
The 4 ball wear scar is a measure of the ability of a grease to prevent wear under severe lubricating conditions.
Three, ½ inch diameter steel balls are clamped together and covered with the test grease. Then a fourth identical ball is pressed downward with a force of 40 kg into the cavity formed by the three clamped, stationary balls.
This arrangement forms a three-point contact. The top ball is then rotated at 1200 rpm for 60 minutes. Scar on the three steady balls was measured using a microscope.
It can measured using ASTM D 2266

17. Lithium grease using various base oils. Average scar (mm)
Average scar (mm)
Average Coefficient of friction
Average Torque
(N.m)
Neem oil hexyl ester
0.983
0.106
1.924
Neem oil octyl ester
0.985
0.102
1.841
Neem oil neopentyl ester
0.914
0.046
0.826
Mineral oil
0.797
1.885

18. Epoxidation of vegetable oil

19. Chemically modified vegetable oils
Viscosity Index
Karanja oil (Pongamia oil)
227
Neem oil (Azadirachita Indica)
243
Tobocco Seed oil (Nicotiana tabacum)
201

20. Chemically modified vegetable oils
Carbon residue
Karanja oil (Pongamia oil)
1.68
Neem oil (Azadirachita Indica)
1.52
Tobocco Seed oil (Nicotiana tabacum)
1.91

21. Chemically modified vegetable oils
Fire points
Karanja oil (Pongamia oil)
250
Neem oil (Azadirachita Indica)
268
Tobacco Seed oil (Nicotiana tabacum)
234

22. Conclusion
Vegetable oil can be used as an alternative to petroleum based lubricants.
The esters derived from vegetable oil- a renewable source, can be used as base oil to formulate lubricating grease.
These bio based greases were found to have comparable tribological properties as compared to mineral oil based grease and lubricating oil.
Use of such natural resource for deriving a value added product like lubricants can eliminate various problems related to environment and depletion of finite resources.

23. “Earth is not gifted to you by your parents, it is loaned to you by your children's”
Thank You. Contact Details: Dr. Jigar V. Patel Mr. Tirth M.Panchal Mobile No: Mobile No: