1. Caesar’s English
Introduction

2. History
Long ago, far from our “New World,” a great civilization lived and died. Throughout the ancient world, they built roads, made laws, created homes with in-door plumbing, and wrote literature. Today, most of their buildings have crumbled to ruins, but their words still reverberate because the English language (and many others) is filled with fragments of their language, Latin.
The vanished civilization was Rome, in Italy, and Rome rose to power more than 2,000 years ago. Our “New World,” the Americas, was found by Europeans only 500 years ago. In only the last 150 years, the United States has conceived a new English, which is a combination of Roman Latin, ancient Greek, German Anglo-Saxon, Spanish, American Indian languages, and other tongues. Of all these influences, Latin is the most important source of academic English!
With Caesar’s English, we will learn about two things:
Latin Stems: The Latin fragments hidden in our language called prefixes, suffixes, affixes, roots, and stems.
Classic Words: The words that are prominent in the classic books of American and British literature. Almost all of these are of Latin origin.

3. In our Classroom
You will get a mini-lesson on Latin Stems or Classic Words.
For a given period of time, will have to complete a contract. A contract has a list of activities that will help you to learn and memorize the Latin stems or Classic Words. The contract activities will be due every two weeks of I/E Reading.
At the end of the two weeks you will turn in your contract and you will complete a quiz. These quizzes can be cumulative, meaning they will include stems and words from previous lessons.
We may use explore passages from Caesar’s English using close reading throughout the lessons. (optional)
Throughout the lessons, there are practice games you may play, but be sure to only work with the words we have learned in our mini lessons. Do not work ahead!

4. LESSON 1 and Contract Examples Explained
Caesar’s English
LESSON 1 and Contract Examples Explained

5. Latin Stems stem meaning modern examples explanation bi two
bicycle, biped, bilateral
BI means two. A bicycle has two wheels. A biped (like you) has two feet. Bilateral means two-sided. What does bimonthly mean?
sub
under
submarine, submerge, subtract
SUB means under. A submarine goes under the sea. To submerge is to pull something under the surface. What does substandard mean? de
down
descend, deposit, deduce
DE means down. To descend is to go down. To deposit is to put down.
pre
before
predict, prepare, prelude
PRE means before. To predict is to announce something before it happens. To prepare is to get ready before an event. What does predetermine mean?
super
over
supervise, superior, superb
SUPER means over. To supervise is to watch over people. Superior means over others in quality (superior intellect). What does superman mean? NOTICE: super and sub are opposites.

6. Nonfiction Words stem word definition explanation bi bicameral
having two chambers
BICAMERAL is an adjective that refers to a legislative body, such as a bicameral Congress that has two chambers. E.g. House of Representatives and Senate.
sub
sub rosa
done in secret
SUB ROSA is usually used as an adjective and means done in secret. The rose was a traditional symbol of secrecy. E.g. Two spies conducted a sub rosa conversation. de
debrief
to question someone
DEBRIEF is a verb that describes a formal questioning process such as the government might conduct after an agent returns from an important mission.
pre
preexist
existing beforehand
PREEXIST is a verb, but we also often see it as the adjective preexisting. We could say that American Indians preexisted the Europeans on the North American continent. Or, we could say that someone could not attend because she had a preexisting obligation.
super
superannuated
obsolete
SUPERANNUATED is an adjective that means obsolete or out of date. Someone might have a superannuated computer.

7. Contract Work Example
Your lesson contracts may include Caesar’s Word Search work. I will pass out the word search you will complete for the lessons. Other activities you will create or find on my wiki.

8. Caesar’s English
(CAESAR’S ANALOGIES)

9. Caesar’s Analogies – Bridge Map
Many tests that you take in the future will have analogies in them. These are logic challenges in which two relationships resemble each other. For example, snow feels cold as fire feels hot. These two relationships, snow/cold and fire/hot, are similar. In this case the adjectives (cold and hot) describe the nouns (snow and fire). The relating factor is the word or group of words that tie the noun and adjective together. Snow feels cold. The relating factor that ties snow and cold together is feels. On a bridge map, the relationship would look like this: snow as fire cold hot relating factor Another way this relationship can be written is: SNOW : COLD :: FIRE : HOT The colon (:) is the relating factor. The four dots( ::) is the word AS.
feels

10. Caesar’s Analogies – Practice
DESCEND as
ASCEND ?
relating factor OR
DESCEND : ASCEND :: __________ : __________
Pick the best answer:
a. bicycle : tricycle
b. submerge : emerge
c. man : superman
d. school : preschool

11. Contract Work Example
Your lesson contracts may include Caesar’s Analogy work. Here are some more examples of analogies.
Yours will be a bridge map or it may look like this:
PRELUDE : POSTLUDE :: prologue : epilogue
*The relationship is that the words are opposites (before and after). Prologue comes before a book and an epilogue comes at the end of a book.
QUADRILATERAL : PENTAGON :: bicycle : tricycle
*The relationship is add one. A pentagon is one more side than a quadrilateral and a tricycle is one more wheel than a bicycle.

12. Caesar’s English
(CAESAR’S GRAMMAR)

13. CAESAR’S GRAMMAR – PARTS OF SPEECH
Grammar : Vocabulary Usage :: Car Manuals : Fixing Cars
Can you figure out the relating factor?
Grammar can be likened to instructions for using vocabulary correctly.
We discuss usage in term of parts of speech; noun (n.), pronoun (pron.), adjective (adj.), verb (v.), adverb (adv.), preposition (prep.), conjunction (conj.), and interjection (interj.)
Noun – names a person, place or thing. E.g. John, peanut, library
Pronoun – takes the place of a noun. E.g. He, she, I, etc.
Adjective – modifies a noun or a pronoun. E.g. Big boy, Small hands, Abnormally smart.
Verb – shows action, being, or links a subject to another word. E.g. John thought about food, The peanut rolled on the ground.
Adverb – modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. E.g. Jimmy quietly thought about food, The peanut quickly rolled on the ground.
Preposition – shows a relationship between things. E.g. John thought about food, The peanut rolled on the ground.
Conjunction – joins two words or two groups of words. E.g. John and Jimmy thought about food, John watched the peanut and thought about food.
Interjection – shows emotion. an abrupt remark, made especially as an aside or interruption. an exclamation, especially as a part of speech, E.g., ah! or dear me!.

14. CAESAR’S GRAMMAR – PARTS OF SPEECH
Study these five sentences carefully.
Caesar watched the Gauls and deduced their strategy.
The noisy charge was only a prelude to the main attach.
The creature was a biped and walked on two feet.
(Deduced is a verb because it is an action that Caesar is taking.)
n v adj n conj v adj n.
(Prelude is a noun; it is the name of a situation, and it is modified by the adjective a.)
adj adj n v adv. adj n prep. adj adj n.
(Biped is a noun, modified by an adjective; in this case biped is the name of a creature.)
adj n v. adj n conj v prep. adj n.

15. Contract Work Example
Your lesson contracts may include Caesar’s Grammar work. The directions will be the same each time:
Example of Directions:
Rewrite these two sentences on a separate sheet of paper. Under each word, indicate the parts of speech (n., pron., adj., v., adv., prep., conj., interj.) Use the Parts of Speech slide for help if needed.
The veteran ninth legion had a superb sense of discipline.
A grizzled old prophet predicted the defeat of the army.
(Hint: Superb is an adjective that modifies the noun sense.)
(Hint: Predicted is a verb that shows the action of the noun prophet.)

16. Caesar’s English
(CAESAR’S SYNONYMS)

17. Classic Words word definition explanation countenance
facial expression
The noun countenance refers to the contents of the face. A person’s countenance can be cheerful, stormy, or melancholy.
profound
deep
The adjective profound means deep, and it can also mean complete or absolute. An ocean can be profound, but so can an idea, or even differences in people.
manifest
obvious
The adjective manifest means obvious. When something is manifest, it is completely apparent and open to view. Could confidence be manifest on your countenance?
prodigious
huge
The adjective prodigious means huge or marvelous. Things that are prodigious are amazing. Insects are present in prodigious numbers.
languor
weakness
Languor is weakness, either of body or of mind. The noun languor comes from the Latin verb languere, to languish. If you are weak, weary, tired, or droopy, you are in a state of languor.

18. CAESAR’S SYNONYMS (ALSO, CONTRACT WORK EXAMPLE)
Here are words that are similar to the words in our list, but are they exactly the same in meaning, or are they slightly different? Directions Example: For each Classic Word (countenance, profound, manifest, prodigious, languor), look up any synonym that you do not know; then pick one, define the word, use it in a sentence, and explain the difference between it and the Classic Word. countenance: visage, expression, physiognomy, look, aspect, presence, mien, air, lineament, appearance profound: deep, far-reaching, absolute, thorough, penetrating, unqualified, enlightened, wise, sapient, sagacious, judicious manifest: obvious, apparent, illustrate, evince, typify, embody, personify, distinct, conspicuous, evident, noticeable, observable, palpable, unmistakable, plain prodigious: great, enormous, marvelous, extraordinary, large, powerful, vast languor: dreaminess, laziness, listlessness, quiet, stillness, inertia, lassitude, inaction, idleness, dormancy, stupor, torpidity, sluggishness, stagnation, drowsiness, somnolence

19. Caesar’s English
(CAESAR’S ANTONYMS)

20. CAESAR’S ANTONYMS CONTRACT WORK EXAMPLE
Directions Example: For each of the words in this lesson, think of a word that means the opposite, known as an antonym. 1. countenance 2. profound 3. manifest 4. prodigious 5. languor Are there any words in this list that have no antonyms? Are there any for which it is difficult to think of an antonym? Why?