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Figure 3.1 Stages in electrical signal measuring system.
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Figure 3.2 Generic voltage amplifier.
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Figure 3.3 Amplifier frequency response.
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Figure 3.4 Frequency distortion of a square wave due to high-frequency attenuation.
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Figure 3.5 Effect of phase angle on signal.
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Figure 3.6 Typical phase-angle response of amplifier.
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Figure Effect on signal of linear and nonlinear phase-angle variation with frequency: (a) original signal; (b) phase angle varies linearly with frequency; (c) phase angle varies nonlinearly with frequency.
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Figure 3. 8 Models for (a) source and (b) amplifier
Figure Models for (a) source and (b) amplifier. (Based on Franco, 2002.)
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Figure Combined model of (a) input source, (b) amplifier, and (c) output load. (Based on Franco, 2002.)
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Figure E3.1
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Figure 3.10 Operational amplifier symbol and simplified model.
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Figure 3.11 Simple noninverting amplifier using an op-amp.
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Figure 3.12 Frequency response of op-amp amplifier.
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Figure 3.13 Inverting op-amp amplifier.
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Figure 3. 14 True differential input instrument amplifier
Figure True differential input instrument amplifier. (From Franco, 2002.)
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Figure 3.15 Attenuation using dividing network.
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Figure E3.3a
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Figure E3.3b
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Figure 3.16 Categories of electrical filters: (a) lowpass; (b) highpass; (c) bandpass; (d) bandstop.
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Figure 3.17 Gain of lowpass Butterworth filters as a function of order and frequency.
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Figure 3.18 Gain of lowpass Chebyshev filters as a function of order and frequency.
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Figure 3.19 Comparison of Butterworth and Bessel phase-angle variation with frequency.
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Figure 3.20 Gain of lowpass Bessel filters as a function of order and frequency.
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Figure 3.21 Lowpass Butterworth filter using op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.
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Figure First-order Butterworth highpass filter using an op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.
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Figure 3.23 Bandpass filter using op-amp: (a) op-amp circuit; (b) frequency response.
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Figure 3.24 Op-amp circuits for (a) integration and (b) differentiation.
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Figure 3.25 Op-amp comparator: (a) circuit; (b) output voltage.
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Figure Digital multimeter with a digital voltmeter as a mode of operation. (Courtesy of Triplett Corp.)
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Figure 3.27 Cathode ray oscilloscope. (Courtesy of Tektronix, Inc.)
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Figure 3.28 Schematic view of cathode ray tube.
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Figure 3.29 Block diagram of analog oscilloscope.
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Figure 3.30 Strip-chart recorder.
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Figure 3.31 Interference sources for signal wiring.
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Figure 3.32 Source of ground loop.
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Figure 3.33 Grounding and shielding of system components.
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Figure 3.34 Current-loop signal transmission.
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