1. View of Right and Wrong Mental Pain
Chapter 5

2. Moral Relativism
Psychologists would say that human urges and impulses are the result of evolutionary processes and are “right” and beneficial.

3. Causes and cures for mental Pain
Counseling Psychology
Causes and cures for mental Pain

4. How Do You View Mental Illness?
Some say that mental illness is caused by:
Sinful attitude and behavior
Demonic activity
Allergies
Infections
Brain defects
Injury
Substance abuse
Heredity
Environmental Factors
Smoking
Sugar
And the list goes on….

5. SIN
Christians believe that sin is the primary cause of mental and emotional sin
Psychologists believe that it is anything but sin
Guilt, pain and suffering are tools at God’s disposal
What do you think of that statement?

6. Counseling
Most people agree that counseling basically started around the time of Freud
Split in the church (early 20th c.)
Liberal vs. Conservative

7. Christian Criticism of Counseling (Anti-psychology)
1. Modern psychology is not consistent with Christian thought
2. Psychology is in direct conflict with Christianity
3. Psychology is the same thing as to declaring the Bible inadequate
4. Integrating psychology and Christianity is not possible

8. Modern Psychology
Chapter 6

9. Where Did it Come From?
In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychological laboratory (Germany)
Wundt is known as the founding father of psychology
In 68 years he published an average of seven works a year, making him one of the productive scientists of all time
490 works, which are each on average 110 pages long
Psychology has been around for a VERY long time but not as a recognized science.
Wilhelm Wundt

10. Six Schools of Thought That Changed Psychology
1. Structuralists- mental experiences are “structures” built from simple mental states
2. Functionalist- mental experiences help people adjust to their environment
3. Behaviorists- focused on observable behavior
4. Psychoanalysts- emphasized the importance of unconscious processes
5. Humanists- emphasized the content of our conscious thoughts and feelings and out ability to influence the environment
6. Cognitivists- examined the processes by which we perceive, solve problems, remember, and think

11. Important Structuralists

12. Dr. (Sir) Charles Bell
He established that the nerves of the special senses could be traced from specific areas of the brain to their end organs.
Cranial Nerves (2)
Discovered that nerves support sensory and motor function
Bell’s Palsy was named after him because he was the first person to describe the condition because of his knowledge of the facial nerves.

13. Dr. Franz Gall
Performed scientific studies demonstrating that the cranial nerves issued from the medulla oblongata and not the cerebral hemisphere. He also established the belief that character traits and mental aberrations are organic, inborn, God given.
He founded Phrenology

14. Phrenology
The shape of your head indicates your character and personality
You need to have your head examined!

15. Gustav Theodor Fechner
Considered to be the founder of psychophysics and thus of experimental psychology as a whole
Psychophysics- the branch of psychology concerned with the relationship between physical stimuli and the effects they produce in the mind

16. Wilhelm Wundt Father of modern psychology
Wundt and Fechner believed that mental activity can be broken down into fundamental components (structuralism)
He pioneered the concept of stating mental events in relation to objectively knowable and measurable stimuli and reactions

17. Edward B. Titchener Trained under Wundt
Wrote the first guide for conducting psychological research
Coined the term structuralism
Titchener believed that if the basic components of the mind could be defined and categorized that the structure of mental processes and higher thinking could be determined
One of his graduate students, Margaret Washburn, became the 1st woman to have a PhD in psychology

18. Important Functionalists
Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin
Important Functionalists

19. Herbert Spencer & Charles Darwin
Coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”
Pleasurable outcomes will cause the action to be repeated
Survival
Darwin
Simple, underlying processes collect together to form complex mental processes which can be explained by evolution

20. William James Father of American psychology
Mental processes evolved because it is beneficial for survival

21. Edward Thorndike Functionalist and early behaviorist
Designed experiments in which animals were rewarded for a particular response
Concluded that animals learn solely by trial and error

22. Important Behaviorists

23. William McDougall
He was the first person to define psychology as “the study of behavior”
McDougall was an hereditarian to the end, promoting a psychology based on instincts. 
He himself referred to his position as evolutionary psychology.
Further, he was the leading critic of the behaviorism of his day.  He particularly hated Watson's simplistic materialism

24. John B. Watson Coined the term behaviorism
Relationships between stimuli and responses
Little Albert experiment
A stimulus can be shown to cause a response or a response can be traced back to a stimulus

25. B.F. Skinner
Thought classical conditioning (environment provides cues that effect behavior) was not sufficient
Came up with operant conditioning (effect of consequences on behavior)
Man is a cause and effect machine

26. Important Psychoanalyst

27. Sigmund Freud Father of psychoanalysis
His studies are not supported by research
Innate instincts and the unconscious mind

28. Humanism

29. Humanism
A system of thought that rejects religious beliefs and centers on humans and their values, capacities, and worth.
Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)
Carl Rogers

30. Cognitivism & Neuro-biology

31. You can watch which part of the brain is working!
Cognitivism
Neuro-biology
Learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind
Modern structuralism
Describes mental processes in terms of the brain and the nervous system
You can watch which part of the brain is working!