1. Effects of awareness of White Privilege and Perceived Efficacy on White Americans’ Attitudes
By: Sadie Hamilton

2. Outline White Privilege Efficacy Background Information
Present Research
Results and Discussion

3. White Privilege?
“unearned advantages and benefits, often invisible to the dominant group, afforded to Whites...” (Case, 2007).

4. Efficacy Doubt or Belief ? Bandura (1986)
“The belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage positive outcomes.”
Doubt or Belief ?
Bandura (1986)

5. Background Information

6. Boatright-Horowitz et al. (2013)
Participants were Exposed to McIntosh’s List of White Privilege

7. Maybe I am privileged After exposure:
Higher ratings for the existence of racism
Social justice promoting organizations

8. Taking action against racism.
More statements for experiencing WP means being informed and shown examples helped students understand WP.
Taking action against racism.

9. Present Research
Explores the effects of heightened White privilege awareness and efficacy on participants’ attitudes toward African Americans

10. Goals Methods of Intervention
Colleges, High Schools, Places of Employment, HR

11. Variables
IV: Heightened WPA vs. Non-heightened + Low Efficacy vs. High Efficacy
DV: Social Distance; + Preference for African American Faculty

12. Participants: 60 Small Liberal Arts College Students
Method and Procedure
Participants: 60 Small Liberal Arts College Students
Online Tasks
Heightened WPA
&
High Efficacy
Low Efficacy
Race Irrelevant

13. Materials Priming Passages used by Stewart et al. (2012)
Lack of African American Faculty on Campus.
Race Irrelevant Topic

14. Materials
Priming 2
High Efficacy: 95% Chance
Low Efficacy: 5% Chance

15. Support for African American Faculty
Materials
Support for African American Faculty
Ratings on a Likert Scale: (1= I would not like more to 5= I would very much like more)

16. Social Distance Scale used by Stewart et al. (2012)
Materials
Social Distance Scale used by Stewart et al. (2012)
14 Statements
“I would be willing to have a Black American person as my” – friend/roommate/co-worker.

17. Materials Efficacy Measure
“How likely are you to join student organizations or participate in campus events that focus on reducing racism?” Boatright-Horowitz (2013)

18. Hypotheses Less Social Distance Participants with Heightened WPA
and Higher Perceived Efficacy
Less Social Distance

19. Effect of WPA on Social Distance will Depend On the Level of Efficacy
Hypotheses cont…
Effect of WPA on Social Distance will Depend On the Level of Efficacy
High or Low

20. Hypotheses cont…
Participants with Heightened WPA will Prefer More African American Faculty

21. Results and Discussion

22. Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample.
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample.
WPA High Efficacy (n=20)
WPA Low Efficacy (n=12)
Control High Efficacy (n=18)
Control Low Efficacy (n=10)
Significant Group Difference
Race
30% Non-White, 70% White
42% Non-White, 58% White
12% Non-White, 88% White
20% Non-White, 80% White NS
Social Distance
6.9 (1.15)
7.49 (.47)
6.75 (1.59)
7.37 (.61)
Modern Racism
6.83 (1.94)
7.0 (3.08)
6.94 (1.69)
6.57 (1.25)
Note. Numbers show mean and standard deviation for social distance and modern racism scores.

23. Statistical Test
2 (Heightened WPA; Non-heightened) x 2 (Low Efficacy; High Efficacy) Factorial ANOVA

24. No significant difference in condition
Manipulation had no significant effect
Efficacy failed to moderate the relationship between the condition and social distance scores p >.05
No interaction effect

25. Significant main effect of efficacy levels on social distance
(M= 6.82, SD= 1.35), F (1, 56)= , p= .017.

26. Trends showed that control groups had higher social distance scores
Race content of experimental condition
Defensive reactions?

27. A positive correlation was found between social distance score and preference for African American faculty, r (58) = .55, p < .001

28. A significant correlation was found between modern racism scores and racial groups r= (56) = .277, p< .001
Minority participants reported that more racism exists today compared to White participants
Life experience?

29. What Does All of It Mean?

30. Information, Understanding, Efficacy, and Change

31. References
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory.
Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4(3),
Boatright-Horowitz, S. L., Frazier, S., Harps-Logan, Y., & Crockett, N. (2013). Difficult times for college students of color: teaching white students about White Privilege provides hope for change. Teaching in Higher Education, 18(7), DOI: /
Case, K. A. (2007). Raising white privilege awareness and reducing racial prejudice: Assessing diversity course effectiveness. Teaching of Psychology, 34(4),
Dovidio, J. F., Ten Vergert, M., Stewart, T. L., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, J. D., Esses, V. M., et al. (2004). Perspective and prejudice: Antecedents and mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), DOI: /
Stewart, T. L., Latu, I. M., Branscombe, N. R., Phillips, N. L., & Ted Denney, H. (2012). White privilege awareness and efficacy to reduce racial inequality improve White Americans’ attitudes toward African Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1),

32. Questions?

33. Effects of awareness of White Privilege and Perceived Efficacy on White Americans’ Attitudes
By: Sadie Hamilton