1. Changing the way we control malaria in Africa
Evaluation of long-lasting odor release formulations to increase the attractiveness of the passive Mosquito Contamination Device (MCD) for Anopheles mosquitoes
Jennifer McCaw, Michael Cordel, Stella Kessy, Dr. Issa Lyimo, Dr. Ladlaus Mnyone, Dr. Andreas Rose

2. THE CHALLENGE: Mosquito Ecology is Changing
ESOVE 17 October 2014
THE CHALLENGE: Mosquito Ecology is Changing
Urgent need for novel vector control tools that target outdoor biting mosquitoes
Conventional control methods rely heavily on pyrethroids
Pyrethroid Resistance
Behavioral Adaptations
Found in 64 countries
Particular concern in sub-Saharan Africa
Increase in outdoor biting
Biting earlier in night
Shift in species composition
Residual transmition will be maintained by outdoor biting mosquitoes at dusk and dawn

3. THE MCD PROJECT Basic Info Goal Objectives
ESOVE 17 October 2014
THE MCD PROJECT
Basic Info
Funded by EU Framework 7 Health Innovation Programme
Length: 3 years, Started in 2012
5 consortium partners
Goal
Development of a mosquito contamination device (MCD)
Effectively lure, infect and contaminate malaria mosquitoes in resource-poor settings
Objectives
Outdoor and Indoor mosquitoes in different life stages
Use novel bioactives (PPF, Fungi)
Develop long-lasting odor release formulations
Low-tech devices using shared „software“
development of a mosquito contamination device (MCD) that can effectively lure, infect and contaminate malaria mosquitoes in tropical field settings and offer a novel way to combat mosquitoes in resource-poor settings

4. All Prototypes utilize same „software“
ESOVE 17 October 2014
THE MCD PROTOTYPES
Indoor Resting Device
Outdoor Host-seeking Device
Smart Patch 2 1 3 4 5 6
Oviposistioning Device
Eave Screens
Eave Tubes
All Prototypes utilize same „software“
Objective: Evaluation of long-lasting odor release formulations to increase the attractiveness of the MCD Prototypes

5. ESOVE 17 October 2014
RESULTS: Longevity of Natural Odors in Nylon Confirmed up to 34 Days Post Treatment
BugDorm Bioassay
Treatments:
Negative Control: fresh nylon
Positive Control: worn nylon with natural host odors
Worn Sock: nylon sock worn 24hrs and exposed to env. conditions over time
An. gambiae s.s.
N=6, Mean values with standard deviation, p<0.05
n.s. * **
n.s .
***

6. ESOVE 17 October 2014
RESULTS: Nylon Impregnated with Synthetic Blends Had a Repellent Effect in BugDorm Bioassay
An. arabiensis
Individual Compounds and Their Concentrations in the Tested Synthetic Blends
Name
Basic Blend*
Mbita Blend**
Ifakara Blend 1***
Ammonia aqueous
2.5%
L-(+)-Lactic acid
85%
Tetradecanoic acid
0.01% %
Propionic acid
0.1%
Butanoic acid
1.0%
Pentanoic acid
3-methyl butanoic acid
0.001%
Heptanoic acid
Octanoic acid
3-methyl-1-butanol %
Additional compound a b bc c c c
N=10, p<0.05
* Smallegange, R. et al. (2009): The effect of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids on Olfaction-Based Host-Seeking of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. J Chem Ecology.
** Mukabana, W. et al. (2012): A Novel Synthetic Odorant Blend for Trapping of Malaria and Other African Mosquito Species. J Chem Ecology.
*** Okumu, F. et al. (2010): Develpment and Field Evaluation of a Synthetic Mosquito Lure That is More Attractive then Humans. PLoS ONE.

7. ESOVE 17 October 2014
RESULTS: Nylon Impregnated with Dilutions of Mbita Blend and IB1 Blend Did Not Elicit Landing Responses
Mbita Blend
IB1 Blend
An. arabiensis a
An. arabiensis b a b b b bc b b b bc c bc b
N=10, p<0.05

8. ESOVE 17 October 2014
RESULTS: Nylon Impregnated with Agar and Contaminated with Human Foot Bacteria Elicited Landing Responses
Treatments:
Negative Control: fresh nylon
Positive Control: worn nylon with natural host odors
Agar: nylon sock impregnated with agar solution
Agar + Foot: nylon sock impregnated with agar solution and contaminated with human foot bacteria
An. arabiensis a a a b
N=10, p<0.05

9. ESOVE 17 October 2014
RESULTS: Polyethylene Dispensers filled with Agar Solutions Elicited Landing Responses
Treatments:
Negative Control: fresh nylon
Positive Control: worn nylon with natural host odors
Solvent: polyethylene dispenser filled with deionized water
1% Agar: polyethylene dispenser filled with 1% agar solution
3% Agar: polyethylene dispenser filled with 3% agar solution
An. arabiensis a a a b c
N=10, p<0.05

10. Room Tests with Outdoor Landing Device Prototype
ESOVE 17 October 2014
Room Tests with Outdoor Landing Device Prototype
Low-tech
Cheap
Outdoors
Utilize existing cues
Attractive landing surface
Host-seeking mosquitoes
Devices that can be placed outdoors, near or surrounding houses and cattle sheds, and target host-seeking mosquitoes at the moment they are in search of a bloodmeal. We envisage small, lowtech, portable and/or hanging devices that can be placed near house openings such as eaves or windows and thereby benefit from the attractive odours and in particular long-range cues emitted from the inhabitants. Outdoor devices will minimise human exposure and can thus utilise a broader range of (nastier) chemicals and/or bioactives.
Assembly of the Outdoor Landing Device: 1.5l water bottle filled with water heated to 44°C and then placed in the fitted, black cotton bag and covered with a blue Safi Net bed net that was treated with 80% Bendiocarb. Afterwards it was hung at 2.1 meters at the center of the room.
Explain Room Tests
Physical Cues
Heat
Visual Cues
Black color
Olfactory Cues
Synthetic Blends
Killing Agent
Bendiocarb

11. nylon strips impregnated with 5 components
ESOVE 17 October 2014
ROOM TEST RESULTS: Nylon Strips Impregnated with Mbita Blend Increased Attractiveness of Outdoor Landing Device
Attractant:
An. arabiensis
Mbita Blend
nylon strips impregnated with 5 components a a b c BC BC BC
Worn
Sock
Mbita
Blend
N=5, Mean values with SD, p<0.05

12. polyethylene dispensers filled with 3% agar solution
ESOVE 17 October 2014
ROOM TEST RESULTS: Agar Filled Polyethylene Dispensers Increased Attractiveness of Outdoor Landing Device
Attractant:
An. arabiensis a
Agar Solution a
polyethylene dispensers filled with 3% agar solution b c BC BC BC
Worn
Sock
Agar
Disp.
N=7, Mean values with SD, p<0.05

13. ESOVE 17 October 2014
Summary

14. Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
Dr. Bart GJ Knols
In2Care BV
Dr. Andreas Rose
Biogents AG
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No (Project MCD)