1. hydrological
evaporate
clouds
precipitation
runoff
infiltrate
saturation
aeration
water table
saturation
transpiration

2. runoff runoff water table Impermeable Bedrock zone of saturation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation
runoff
zone of aeration
evaporation
runoff
evaporation
water table
infiltration
zone of saturation
Impermeable Bedrock

3. Evaporation
Steep slope; Soil is saturated
Transpiration
An increased amount of precipitation in a short time

4. In January, the cold temperature greatly slows down the rate of evaporation and transpiration since both require energy.

5. Total volume of empty space * Spaces between particles = pores
Greatest porosity 
Porosity =
Total volume of empty space
÷ total volume of soil
* Spaces between particles = pores

6. The ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
Greatest permeability 
PERMEABILITY
The ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
* How connected the pore spaces are

7. Which is more porous, a container of:
Porosity
Which is more porous, a container of:
round particles or angular particles
tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles
c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles
d. large beads or small beads

8. A, because the particles are largest
PERMEABILITY
Which column would allow water to flow through fastest? Why?
A, because the particles are largest

9. If you join sediment from A and D,
PERMEABILITY
If you join sediment from A and D,
what would happen to the permeability? Why?
Decreases because the small particles
fill in the spaces

10. Which is more permeable?
PERMEABILITY
Which is more permeable?
a. small particles or large particles
b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

11. RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
FACTORS AFFECTING
RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge?
an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren
an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat
ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen
d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated

12. Capillarity
The ability of liquid to flow against gravity because of adhesion (“stickiness”)

13. Capillarity
Circle which will have a greater capillarity, a container with:
Small particles OR Large particles
b) Small pore spaces OR Large pore spaces

14. ***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

15. PERMEABILITY
Particle Size

16. Capillarity
Particle Size

17. - Once it has infiltrated the soil, water is pulled downward by gravity until it reaches an impermeable layer of solid bedrock that it cannot pass through and stops sinking.
- Zone of ______________________ = all pore spaces in the sediment are completely filled with water * Think of “SATURATION” as “FULL” – like in weather!! *
- Water Table = uppermost surface of the saturated zone
- Zone of ______________________ = more of the pore spaces in sediment are filled with air than water
saturation
aeration

18. As water passes through the ground, soil and rock act as a natural filter. This makes groundwater a good source of drinking water. The zones of saturation where people put in wells to extract water for drinking are called _________________. Once wells start pumping water out of the ground, the water table is affected and slightly depresses.
If the rates of infiltration and pumping are not equal, groundwater wells can dry up.
aquifers

19. Water would pass through the zone of aeration and continue to raise the level of the zone of saturation.
The bedrock is impermeable.

20. The sandstone is porous.
The pollution will infiltrate the rocks and contaminate the water supply.

21. Why do we only use the Magothy aquifer for drinking water on Long Island?

22. Thinking about your water usage: When you wash your hands/face or leave the tap running while brushing your teeth, you use about 5 gallons of water per minute. When you take a shower, you use about 5 gallons per minute. Flushing the toilet uses about 6 gallons of water. Doing a load of laundry use about 20 gallons of water. Doing a load of dishes in the dishwasher uses about 15 gallons of water. Think about these every day activities along with many more (ex. cooking, drinking, cleaning) - do you think you use a lot of water each week? Explain what you could do to conserve even a few gallons of water per week.