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The Scramble for Africa
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THE “DARK” CONTINENT “Dark Continent” – racist terminology referred to both the peoples of Africa and their alleged ignorance In reality, Africa has always had diverse groups of people with their own unique cultures and histories Civilizations Languages Religions Possible anecdote: Review of African cultures and civilizations, such as Mansa Musa and Great Zimbabwe.
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GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA Continent – not a country
Continent is three times larger than Europe Northern Africa – desert Mid-to-southern Africa – diverse climates and topography
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FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA
Greeks controlled Egypt after conquest by Alexander the Great Ptolemaic dynasty Romans ruled all areas along the Mediterranean coastline, including northern Africa Mediterranean – “Roman lake” Arab traders converted many Africans to Islam from the 7th century Source of slaves for the Americas from the 17th century But little foreign interest in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa
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The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA
Mid-1800s Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa
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DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) Scottish missionary
– lived in central Africa Explored Africa Named Lake Victoria after the British queen Converted many Africans to Christianity Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest 1871 – reported “lost” “Found” by Henry Stanley “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904) Welsh-American reporter
“Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Explored Africa Congo River Lake Tanganyika Lake Victoria Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company International African Society
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KARL PETERS (1856-1918) German explorer in Africa
Organized and propagandized for Germany’s colonial expansion Founded the Society for German Colonization Acquired German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania) Convinced Otto von Bismarck to take over German East Africa and increase Germany’s colonies in Africa
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CECIL RHODES ( ) British businessman and politician in southern Africa Made a fortune from African diamond mines Established South African Company Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Prime minister of Cape Colony ( ) Wanted British control over South Africa Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa Great Britain became leading colonial power in southern Africa
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CECIL RHODES ( )
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KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909)
Took over land in central Africa Berlin Conference (1885) Leopold’s control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers Belgian Congo (1908) Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian government Renamed Belgian Congo Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa” Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber
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BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
1815 – British took Cape Colony from the Dutch Boers moved north Transvaal 1886 – gold discovered and British moved in 1881 and 1895 – British attempted to take Transvaal from the Boers Orange Free State Boer War ( ) Dutch led by President Paul Kruger British won
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UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Created in 1910
Included Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Natal, and Transvaal Self-government
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BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) Named for Cecil Rhodes North of Union of South Africa Bechuanaland (now Botswana) 1885 – became a British protectorate Kenya 1888 – became a British protectorate
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BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA
Egypt – in name ruled by Ottoman Turks, but largely independent European capital investments Suez Canal opened in 1869 Built by the Egyptians and French Taken over by the British (1875) British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli Bought shares in Suez Canal Company from Egypt Egypt was nearly bankrupt from the expense of building the Suez Canal British government became largest shareholder
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EUROPEANS IN EGYPT 1870s – with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the British and French took over financial control of the country Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled as puppet leaders 1882 – Egyptian nationalist rebellion France withdrew its troops Great Britain left in control of Egypt Lord Cromer introduced reforms De facto British protectorate Made official in 1914 Independence came in 1922
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BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA
Sudan Area south of Egypt Under Anglo-Egyptian control Cotton needed for British textile mills Entente Cordiale (1904) Great Britain controlled Sudan France controlled Morocco Cape-to-Cairo Railroad Idea of Cecil Rhodes Would secure Great Britain’s dominance in Africa Never completed – sections missing through modern Sudan and Uganda
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Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls
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FRENCH IN AFRICA Algeria Tunis Morocco 1830 – invasion
1831 – annexation Tunis 1881 – controlled by France Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany Morocco 1881 – large part under French control 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war between France and Germany 1906 – Algeciras Conference – Germany recognized French rights in Morocco 1911 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognized French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo
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FRENCH IN AFRICA Madagascar Somaliland West Africa Sudan
1896 – controlled by France Somaliland 1880s – partly under French control West Africa Late 1800s – largely under French control Sudan 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to war Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa
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FRENCH IN AFRICA By World War I – 1914
France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa 14 times the area of France France ruled 30,000,000 Africans 75% of the population of France
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GERMANS IN AFRICA Togoland (now Togo and Ghana)
Cameroons (now Cameroon and Nigeria) Southwest Africa (now Namibia) East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania)
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ITALIANS IN AFRICA 1882-1896 1896 1912 Eritrea (along the Red Sea)
Somaliland (along the Indian Ocean, part of today’s Somalia) 1896 Defeated in attempt to conquer Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 1912 Won Tripoli from Ottoman Turks
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BELGIANS IN AFRICA 1908 Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State) from King Leopold II Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the Congo Congo Free State (today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) 80 times the size of Belgium Source of uranium
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PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA Under “old imperialism” Portugal gained African territory and led the early trans-Atlantic African slave trade Angola Mozambique Portuguese territory in Africa, 1810
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SPANISH IN AFRICA Spain had very few possessions in Africa
Tip of Morocco Rio de Oro Rio Muni
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The British in India 1600 British traders established the East India Company—became the richest & most powerful trading companies in the world By 1857 the East India Company controlled most of India British considered India the brightest “jewel in the crown” Sepoy Rebellion—1857- sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against the British British put down the revolt within a year
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The British in India After the Sepoy Mutiny, the British government took formal control of India and abolished the East India Company. India officially became a British possession. Queen Victoria of England became the Empress of India. Queen Victoria The Sun Never Set on the British Empire
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England Jamaica Egypt Canada India
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Impact of British Rule Government: The British government provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. They provided jobs, increased educational opportunities, and introduced English as a unifying language.
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Impact of British Rule Economic: The British built roads, bridges and railroads and set up telegraph wires. However, India’s cottage industries, in which products were made by people in their homes, were hurt by competition with British manufactured goods.
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Impact of British Rule Health: The British build hospitals, introduced new medicines and provided famine relief. At the same time, health care improvements led to a population explosion without a similar increase in economic opportunities.
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Impact of British Rule Social: Indians were looked down upon by the British and their culture was treated as inferior to European Culture. Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor—working for longhours, often under terrible conditions.
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Imperialism in China Prior to the 1800’s China was isolated from the world under the control of powerful emperors. By the 1830’s—China lacked the military technology it needed to oppose Western Imperialism Western Nations were interested in China Huge population offered potential markets for European manufactured goods Valuable raw materials
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Imperialism in China 1800s- British merchants broke China’s trade barriers—in exchange for tea, silk, and porcelain the merchants smuggled in opium
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Imperialism in China 1839—Opium War —Chinese tried to stop the smuggling of opium British easily defeat them b/c the Chinese had ancient weapons 1842—Treaty of Nanjing—unequal treaty; China lost many rights Granted British $$ for war losses and Hong Kong
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Imperialism in China 1890s—European powers, and Japanese, claimed sections of China as spheres of influence = areas where they had exclusive trading rights
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China 1899—Open Door Policy = U.S. created it to open Chinese trade to all nations China attempted to modernize the country Boxer Rebellion = peasants who upper class and foreigners set siege on European section of Beijing for months// Europeans soldiers finally defeated them (led to strong sense of nationalism—resist foreign intervention) The Revolution of 1911 —the Chinese who desired for a modern, independent republic rebelled against the Qing dynasty and won
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U.S.A. Germany Britain Russia France Austria China Japan Italy
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Modernization of Japan
Japan began trading in 1853 when American Matthew C. Perry sailed into Japan (signed Treaty of Kanagawa b/c of what had happened in China) 1870s Japan began to industrialize = modernized their currency system; built telegraph networks, railroads, and port facilities By 1914 Japan was one of the world’s leading industrial nations Aided Korea in a war w/ China; Korea won & Japan gained partial control of their trade After Japan won a war with Russia in 1910, Japan officially annexed Korea
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Matthew C. Perry
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“It seems to be wise from time to time to make new laws…If your imperial Majesty were so far to change the ancient laws as to allow free trade between the two countries, it would be extremely beneficial to both…” ~ President Millard Fillmore (letter that Perry delivered to Japan)
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Treaty of Kanagawa
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Latin America By the 1800s most of the Latin American countries had gained independence, but they feared that Europe would try to re-conquer them. United State defeated Spain in the Spanish American war. US acquired the colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines Cuba independent but under US influence
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Latin America United States builds the Panama Canal to have easier access between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. 10 years to build
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On the basis of the Monroe Doctrine(1823—stated that the Americas were NOT to be colonized by Europe
Presidents sent armed forces to intervene in the Caribbean area. Roosevelt Corollary made the US an international police power in the Western Hemisphere
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Monroe Doctrine
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Monroe Doctrine
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AFRICANS IN AFRICA By the time of the First World War (1914)
Only 2 independent African countries Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the 13th century Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974 Home to Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church (strongly tied to Egyptian Coptic Church) Liberia Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the United States government
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REVIEW QUESTIONS Must be in Complete Sentences
Define Imperialism What led to the “Scramble for Africa”? Which European nations controlled the most land in Africa? Who led British imperialism in Africa? Which African nations were left independent at the time of World War I?
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