1. So far, you know what imperialism is and why people engaged in this practice. Now, consider this question: do you think it is morally right for one country to gain control over another? Why or why not? Under what circumstances would it be right or wrong?
Warm Up

2. The Scramble for Africa
European Imperialism in Africa

3. Before European Domination
Africa had hundreds of ethnic and language groups
Europeans first explored Africa in the 1450s
Powerful African armies had kept them out for 400 years

4. Missionaries begin to explore
Late 1860s
David Livingstone, a missionary from Scotland, travelled deep into Africa to promote Christianity
Decided to explore rather than be a missionary & became an abolitionist
Not heard from for years, presumed dead

5. Livingstone & Stanley
American newspaper reporter travelled to Africa to find Livingstone
Found him in the Congo - “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
This event created a frenzy in the press and sparked interest in exploring and colonizing Africa

6. Livingstone’s Significance
Paved the way for the Scramble for Africa
Inspired explorers and missionaries
Inspired abolitionists

7. The Belgian Congo
King Leopold of Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo for him in 1876
Leopold said he wanted to end slavery and promote Christianity- privately created a plan to develop the Congo (he did this independently of the Belgian govt.)
But – he forced Africans to collect sap from rubber plants

8. The Belgian Congo Instituted a brutal, violent regime
Held women hostage to force the men to work rubber plantations, cut off hands of those who did not deliver their quota (even children)
At least 10 million Congolese died as a result
Journalists uncovered the atrocities and the Belgian government forced Leopold to turn over the territory to the government in 1908.

10. 1880 – The Scramble Begins
Push for expansion comes from businessmen, missionaries and politicians
French began to expand from West African coast toward western Sudan
Discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 in South Africa increased European interest in colonizing the continent.

11. The Berlin Conference
To prevent conflict, European nations met at the Berlin Conference in to plan to division of Africa
Decision: European countries could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area
No African rulers were invited to attend

12. Berlin Conference Activity
Each table group will represent a country at the Berlin Conference
You MUST stick to the objective on your task card

13. Answer the following questions as a group:
What similarities do you see between your Berlin Conference and the outcome of the actual conference?
Who was not represented at this conference? Why?
What challenges did the outcomes of the Berlin Conference create for the indigenous people of Africa?
How do you think the outcomes of the conference may affect the African people today?

14. The Scramble for Africa – Day 2
Continued

15. Which European power had the most colonies as of 1914
Which European power had the most colonies as of 1914? Which European power had the least colonies as of 1914?
Map of the New Africa
1914
Only Ethiopia and Liberia free from European control

16. Compare the maps: What statements can we make about European Colonization in Africa between 1850 and 1914 based on these maps?

17. How does this political cartoon represent the Berlin Conference?

18. Clashes over South Africa
South Africa was one of the strongest centralized countries in Africa at this time
Dutch (Boers) had settled there and took South Africans’ land to set up farms in the 1600s

19. South Africa In 1879, Zulus fought off British
Despite using spears and shields, they almost won
But in July of 1879, they lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom to the British

20. Boer War
Now British, Dutch and South Africans were fighting over the same land
In 1899, the Boers (Dutch) fought the British in the Boer War
Brutal war:
Boers used guerrilla tactics
British burned Boer farms and imprisoned women and children in concentration camps – 14,000 died
Britain finally won

21. Averting War Read the document and answer the corresponding questions.
You may do this individually or with a partner.
To get full points, you must:
Write in complete sentences
Use evidence when you are asked to
Highlight or underline the document (annotations)

22. Types of Colonies Colony
A territory governed internally by a foreign power
Somaliland in East Africa (below)
Also – the colonies in what eventually became the U.S.

23. Types of Colonies Protectorate
A territory with its own government that is under the control of an outside power

24. Types of Colonies Sphere of influence
Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

25. Types of colonies Economic imperialism
Less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than another government

26. Partner Question Colony Protectorate Sphere of influence
1. What would be the pros and cons of each of these systems, to the people who lived there?
Colony
Protectorate
Sphere of influence
Economic imperialism
PRO
CON

27. Methods of “Management”
1 - Indirect control (preferred by Britain)
Existing political rulers had to accept the authority of the European country
Country mostly handled its own affairs

28. Methods of “Management”
2 - Direct control (preferred by France, much of Europe)
Colonies governed according to their needs, but not giving them rights
Assimilation – institutions patterned after those of the controlling country