1. Warm-up: Monday Review of City models
Which model(s)… 1. Has a commercial spine surrounded by elite residences? 2. Is influenced by colonialism? 3. Has many different commercial centers? 4. Has zones of squatter settlements?

2. Buenos Aires, Argentina

3. South American Cities
Shantytowns – unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

4. Manila, Philippines

5. South American Cities
Disamenity sector – poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gang or drug lords

6. Disamenity sector – eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

8. How are cities organized?
Models of cities

9. How does urban structure affect quality of life?
The way that an urban area is structured is extremely important as it affects the three quality of life environments (built, social and economic):
1 BUILT – housing tenure, location, access to services, etc.
2 SOCIAL – education, health, friends, leisure pursuits, etc.
3 ECONOMIC – housing and transport costs, job location, etc.

10. Key terms
Central Business District (CBD) – concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown
Residential zone –
Industrial zone -

11. Key Terms Central city – “older city”; urban area that is not suburban
Suburb – outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area that is often (but not always) adjacent to the central city
Most are residential, but some include schools, malls, and office parks
Suburbanization – lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized

12. North American City: Concentric Zone model
Developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess
1920s, based on Chicago
Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.

14. Concentric Zone Theory
Timeframe
1920’s
Class conscious society
Housing segregated according to income
Lack of transport infrastructure
Assumptions
Older buildings in city centre
Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

15. Five Concentric Zones 3) Low Income Residential
4) Middle Income Residential
suburban estates- good quality, gardens
5) High Income Residential / Commuter
Small towns and villages
1) Central Business District
2) Transition and Industry
low incomes
oldest housing
ghettos

16. Problems with Burgess Model
Old
Doesn't consider car ownership
Landscape not considered
Impact that industry and transport could have on land use not considered.
Zones are never as clear-cut

17. North American City: Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt
1930s in response to the limitations of the Burgess model
Sectors radiating out from the CBD along transport routes.

18. Sector Theory Timeframe Late 1930’s Income and status divided society
Housing areas reflect social segregation
Assumptions
Settlement develops along transport routes
Towns radiate out from the CBD
Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other
Wealthy people choose the best sites

19. Criticisms of Hoyt’s Theory
Old
Too general
In reality, most zones contain more than one land-use
Doesn't consider the impact of urban renewal schemes

20. North American City: multiple Nuclei Model
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
1940s
As an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centers or nuclei.

21. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Assumptions;
Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists
Each nucleus acts as a growth point
Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area

22. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
Shows some land-uses attract more of the same, for example industrial areas
Some land-uses may deter others from locating nearby, eg; housing is usually located away from industrial areas

23. Criticisms of Multiple Nuclei Theory
Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
Too complex

24. Are these models relevant to today’s cities??
Have some relevance
Now due to urban renewal schemes and changes in society, high income residential areas often exist close to the CBD
Modern cities are expanding beyond these models- Urban Sprawl

25. North American City: Galactic City Model
Late 20th century
Post-industrial city
A complex urban area in which centrality of functions is no longer significant
The old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreation area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity

26. Edge Cities
Concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a residential suburb or semi-rural community
Develops on the periphery of a larger city

27. Edge Cities
First explained in the book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown.

28. Edge Cities
Garreau established five rules for an edge city: It must have more than five million square feet (465,000 m²) of office space. This is enough to house between 20,000 and 50,000 office workers, as many as some traditional downtowns.
It must have more than 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work.
It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms.
It must be perceived by the population as one place.
It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier.

29. Edge City- Tyson’s Corner, VA
Tysons Corner, Virginia circa Photo courtesy of Fairfax County Library, Photographic Archive.

30. Edge Cities

31. Modeling Cities in World Regions

33. Colonial Cities: Spanish (Latin America):
Conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it. 
Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements.
Laws of the Indies, 1573
Cities centered around church and central plaza
Grid-iron street plan
Administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

34. Central Plaza of
Mexico City

35. South American City: Griffin-Ford Model
Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.
Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine.
The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the disamenity sectors.

36. Buenos Aires, Argentina

37. South American City: Griffin-Ford Model
Commercial / CBD: The focus of employment, entertainment, and economic activity; Roads, trains, and buses are fairly reliable here.
Market: - informal economy - primitive form of capitalism; beyond control/taxation of gov't; unlicensed people sell homemade goods and services; may or may not be illegal.
- formal economy - taxed and licensed by the government
Industrial
Elite residential sector: The elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains amenities attractive to the wealthy, such as water and electricity, as well as offices, shops, restaurants, etc.
Zone of maturity: Residential area in which a stable population has gradually transformed the district into one that is fully serviced.
Zone of in situ accretion: A mix of middle and low income housing, generally thought of as a transitional area (moving either up on down).
Zone of peripheral squatter settlements/ periferico: Home for impoverished and unskilled; housing consists of mostly shantytowns. Lawless barrios / favelas and is usually behind a main ring highway known as a perifico.
Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle to upper-middle class owner-occupied area.
Disamenity: Contains relatively unchanging slums (barrios or favelas) that may not be connected to regular city services.

38. South American Cities
Shantytowns – unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

39. South American Cities
Disamenity sector – poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gang or drug lords

40. Disamenity sector – eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

41. The African City Africa has the world’s fastest growing cities
Africa has a diversity of cities = difficult to formulate a model of the African city
The imprint of European colonialism can still be seen in many African cities

42. The African City (de Blij model)
Central city has 3 CBDs

43. Nairobi, Kenya

44. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
Most major Asian cities developed by European colonizers on ports.
Alien commercial – typically Chinese & Indian

45. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 9.41
The Changing Character of Mumbai, India. Adapted with permission from: Richard Grant and Jan Nijman,
“Globalization and the Corporate Geography of Cities in the Less-Developed World,” Annals of the Association of American
Geographers, 92, 2 (2002).
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 45

46. European Cities: result of very long histories
Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles
Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval
High density and compact form - wall around city or low-growth zoning
Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest structure
Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work
Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do.
Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive
Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles
Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by city gov’t. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale apartment buildings.

47. Narrow, Twisty
Medieval Streets
Vienna, Austria

48. Florence, Italy 48

49. Amsterdam, The Netherlands49

50. Megacities Megacities – cities of 10 million or more
Vast territorial extent
Example: Mumbai has more people than Australia
Frequently strained, inadequate infrastructure
Example: Jakarta, Indonesia is the largest city in the world without a subway system
Megacities are difficult to model or classify

52. World Cities
World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy

53. College Board Lesson