1. IMPERIALISM
CHAPTER 18

2. IMPERIALISM
The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.
There were three types of Imperialism during the early 1900s
European Imperialism
Asian Imperialism
American Imperialism

3. European Imperialism
Africa became a target because of raw materials and markets.
Only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent in early 20th century
Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Spain were key player
Britain controlled Asia and Pacific as well
Sun never set on British Empire
Britain had ¼ of world’s people

4. Asian Imperialism
Japan replaced feudal order with a central government
Began empire building in China
Competed with U.S. for China’s market

5. American Imperialism Three factors that brought us in:
Economic competition among industrial countries
Political and military competition
Belief in racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxon
Some people objected
Washington’s theory of isolationism
It isn’t our constitutional right
Military cost was too high

6. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS EMPIRE
Hawaii
Conditions in Hawaii
Whites controlled sugar plantations
Foreigners and immigrants outnumbered natives 2 to 1
Sugar to U.S. had no tariff until 1890 with McKinley tariff
Had competition with Cuba for U.S. market
Some businessmen wanted U.S. to annex Hawaii

7. Taking control of Hawaii
Liliuokalani became queen in 1891 and restored power to natives
Businessmen and U.S. Ambassador John L. Stevens organized a revolt
U.S.S. Boston with Marines moved in on Jan. 16, 1893 to “protect U.S. lives”
Threw out queen, put in Sanford B. Dole as acting president
Aug. 12, 1898 McKinley annexed Hawaii as a territory

8. Cuba U.S. has always had an interest in Cuba War for Independence
1854 Democrats wanted to buy and admit as a slave state
Cuba had been politically unstable
Monroe Doctrine allowed U.S. to have interest
War for Independence
Lead by José Marti who was exiled and living in NY City
Rebels destroyed U.S. sugar plantations to bring them in
Spain sent Valeriano Weyler to Cuba—moved rural people into concentration camp to bring them under control
U.S. papers covered Cuba and exaggerated all of the stories
Caused by business was between William Randolph Hurst and Joseph Pulitzer
Became known as yellow journalism

9. THE UNITED STATES IN THE REVOLUTION
Newspapers influenced public
Published De Lome letter from Spanish minister calling McKinley weak
U.S.S. Maine exploded a few days later
Feb. 15, 1898
260 of 350 men killed
Most people believed it hit a mine, 1976 inquiry said it was an internal explosion
Hearst offered a reward for the Spaniard that did it
“Remember the Maine” became the battle cry

10. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
First battle was in Philippines
George Dewey on May 1 went to Philippines—whipped Spanish(381 Spanish- 1 American killed)
Next two months 11,000 Americans force Spanish surrender
Over 125,000 troops volunteered for combat
Army was not ready for war
In Cuba, U.S. sealed with navy
Sent 17,000 into Cuba in June 1898
***four black units and Rough Riders

11. TR’s Rough Riders took part in battle on San Juan Hill
Actually on Kettle Hill
Cleared way for San Juan Hill battle
Spanish tried to then leave Cuba but U.S. destroyed them

12. THE TREATY OF PARIS (1898) Aug 12, 1898 armistice Ended 16 week war
300,000 Americans fought
5,400 lost lives (379 from fighting)
Dec 10, 1898 two sides said:
Cuba would be independent
Puerto Rico + Guam would go to U.S.
U.S. paid Spain $20 million for Philippines

13. CUBA AND INDEPENDENCE U.S. made Cuba put into their constitution:
1. Cuba would not let any foreign country control them
2. U.S. reserved the right to intervene to “keep peace”
3. U.S. could buy or lease land for naval or Army base
Became known as Platt Amendment
Cuba became U.S. protectorate

14. OTHER WORLDLY ENDEAVORS
CHINA
U.S. saw business opportunity in “Sick man of Asia”
U.S. received trading rights in Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion followed to stop Western influence

15. ROOSEVELT AND WILSON’S FOREIGN POLICY
TR’s Theory
Basis was “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Used U.S. in increasing military and economic strength

16. What did he do? Negotiated an end to Russo-Japanese War
Called treaty of Portsmouth in 1906
Won TR the Nobel Peace Prize
Sent Great White Fleet around the world
Showed off American military strength
Built Panama Canal to help U.S. Navy
Took 10 years - $400 million dollars
5,600 workers died (4,500 black)
Aug 15, 1914 opened
Roosevelt corollary
Helped to strengthen Monroe doctrine
Said U.S. would be police for the West

17. Wilson on Foreign Policy
For Latin America – believed in Moral diplomacy
U.S. had obligation to help Latin American government
Got us into Mexican Revolution unofficially