1. Ancient Conceptions About Mind
History of Mind
Ancient Conceptions About Mind
Plato correctly placed mind in the brain. However, his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart.
OBJECTIVE 1| Explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology, and describe the ill-fated phrenology theory.
Today we believe mind and brain are faces of the same coin. Everything that is psychological is simultaneously biological.

2. History of Mind Phrenology
In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular.
Bettman/ Corbis

3. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Psychobiology-
The area of psychology that focuses on the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes.

4. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
We must begin by looking at the basic building blocks of the brain & nervous system-
Nerve cells
Neurons

5. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
We will also explore the two major systems that integrate and coordinate our behavior:
Nervous System:
Central Nervous System
(Brain & Spinal Cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
Endocrine System

6. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Enduring Issues from the Text:
Mind-Body
How does the organ we call the brain create the experience of what we call the mind?
Body & Brain- physical & observable
Mind- subjective, private & unique

7. Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.

8. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Neurons-
Individual cells that are the smallest units of the nervous system.

9. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
The Neural Impulse-
Using energy to send information:
The neuron must be stimulated /activated to send (or receive) a signal.

10. A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe parts of a neuron and explain how its impulses are generated.

11. Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.
Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.

12. Dendrites Receive “messages” from other neurons
Some have dendritic “spines”
Input sites
Separated from neighbor by a synapse (space)

13. Dendrite Spines

14. The Axon Tube-like structure Micrometers to meters
Covered by the “Myelin Sheath”
Axon

15. Myelin Sheath

16. Neuronal Structure: Terminal Buttons
Spinal Motor Neuron

17. Terminal Buttons
Found at the end of the axon
When an AP reaches the terminal
Release chemical into the synapse
Neurotransmitter (NT)

18. Synapse a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
OBJECTIVE 4| Describe how nerve cells communicate. Synapse was coined by Lord Sherrington ( ) who inferred it through behavioral experiments. Cajal ( ) described the synapse based on his anatomical studies of the brain.

19. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.

20. Neurotransmitters
This Info can be excitatory or inhibitory to a neighboring neuron

21. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Neurotransmitters-
Chemicals released by the synaptic vessels that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons.

22. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Synaptic Vesicles-
Tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse.

23. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Receptor Sites-
A location on a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into a lock.

24. Ch. 2 The Biological Basis of Behavior
Neuropsychopharmacology-
Science related to how drugs affect brain functions.

25. Neurotransmitters

26. Neurotransmitters Looking beyond the chart-
Acetylcholine (Ach)- the only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles.
Every move you make-
Depends on Ach released to your muscles by motor neurons.

27. - including Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin:
Neurotransmitters
Monoamines
- including Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin:
Regulates aspects of everyday behavior.

28. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us?
Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe how neurotransmitters affect behavior and outline the effects of acetylcholine and endorphins.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

29. Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

30. Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive condition resulting from a
deficiency in the brain of a chemical called dopamine
Dopamine is one of many chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) in the brain that allow nerve cells to communicate with each other. Without it,
messages from the brain to the muscles are disrupted.
Over a period of time symptoms appear that include:
-Tremor (shaking) when the body and limbs are at rest
-Slowness and difficulty beginning a voluntary movement, such as standing up from a chair or turning around, and difficulty with fine precise movements such as doing up buttons. (called bradykinesia).
-Muscle stiffness, also called rigidity, and Difficulty with maintaining balance (called postural instability)
The amount of dopamine in the brain is reduced in Parkinson's disease because
some of the nerve cells that produce it are destroyed. The small group of nerve cells affected in Parkinson's disease nerve cells lies deep in the brain, a part of the brain involved in initiating movement. It is situated near the center of the brain and contains a clump of dark cells that manufacture dopamine.

31. The incidence of
Parkinson's disease is
increasing at a rate that
is faster than the
population is aging.
Parkinson's disease
affects an estimated 1 in
1,000 people over age
55. Parkinson's disease
affects about 1 in 100
people age 65 and older.
Some 20 percent of
people with Parkinson's
disease may be diagnosed under the age of 50.

32. Write in:
Students = neurons Class = neural network Squeeze = neural message Arms = axon Fingers =axon terminal Shoulder / ankles = dendrites