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Challenges of Governance and Sustainable Tourism Management Mapulahual Territory Los Lagos Region, Chili.
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Content Mapulahual territory Actors & territory Main problems
Key actions to target the objective Some questions still open… Conclusions JP LE MOIGNE
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Where is Mapulahual located?
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Mapuche People It is the most important ethnicity in Chile representing between 9 to 10% of the population. The biggest part of Mapuche people lives in Araucania Region and in Metropolitan Region, outskirt of the capital city (Santiago). JP LE MOIGNE
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MAPULAHUAL TERRITORY The research was driven in the indigenous territory Mapulahual, between – 2014. This territory is recognized as “Huilliche” that means southern people, designation of geographical character.
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Different projects has been developed since 2005:
Establishment of privates protected areas owned by communities (WWF). Creation of a community association, and training in handicrafts, canned food, and Ecotourism development (WWF). Global Environment Found (GEF), creation of a marine protected area « Lafken Mapulahual » (ministry of environment). Technical visits to Costa Rica and New Zealand (Community Tourism). JP LE MOIGNE
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60.000 hectares - 9 Communities
JP LE MOIGNE
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How is the territory composed?
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Livestock and artisanal fisheries.
Some history … Extraction and sale of timber - Specie Alerce (tile) - Forest type Siempreverde (Firewood) Livestock and artisanal fisheries. Degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity. Lack of opportunities for young people. Increase in the level of poverty.
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Slow tourism development process
Implementation of sustainable tourism, to improve the quality of life of the community (economic and education), protection of cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation. Slow tourism development process What are the different perspectives of each actors in the territory? How do they work? What are the governance issues that affect tourism development? JP LE MOIGNE
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Actors & Territory JP LE MOIGNE
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JP LE MOIGNE
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Current problems… Land Ownership Supply of basics resources
Bad climate conditions Difficult access There is not a clear governance Lack of tourism planning Low level of training Low accommodation offer Weak promotion Almost absent signage Increase in liquid and solid waste Tourism activities without certification Youth migration JP LE MOIGNE
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Future problems related to tourism development…
Distribution of roles and economy improvement Decrease of regional’s economic activities. Future problems related to tourism development… Impacts on flora and fauna Recovery of culture and Huilliche language Increase of alcohol and nightlife. Overcrowding (visitor pressure) JP LE MOIGNE
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Actors: What points of views and expectations?
Perspective towards tourism Expectations + - Economy Ecology Culture Reduction of problems Communities X Ministry of Environment Tourism National Service Mapulahual association San Juan de La Costa Municipality Rio Negro Municipality Purranque Municipality WWF (NGO) JP LE MOIGNE
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What challenges for governance?
Politics Division between municipalities and between municipalities and other stakeholders. Because of different political beliefs. Lack of a common governance Today there are different views of territorial governance from the perspective of the government and from the perspective of indigenous communities. Community Empowerment There is not community empowerment, lacking a stronger compromise in relation to its future destiny. Lack of a common territorial planning There is a variety of parallel work developed by different actors. Resulting in duplication of efforts that do not have a common goal. JP LE MOIGNE
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Level of commitment to Tourism Development
Actor Level of commitment to Tourism Development High Medium Low Communities X Ministry of environment National Tourism Service Mapulahual Association San Juan de La Costa Municipality Rio Negro Municipality Purranque Municipality WWF JP LE MOIGNE
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KEY ACTIONS TO TARGET THE OBJECTIVE...
Towards a local actors common goal Community Empowerment Establishment of a methodology for monitoring impacts JP LE MOIGNE
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Actions for sustainable tourism development in the territory…
To create a development master plan for the area Municipalities must work together Mapulahual association has to work closer to other institutions To create a committee for tourism planning and territory sustainability To resolve land ownership problem Developing a strong community tourism product Sustainable tourism training project for local. To establish a marketing axis
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Establishment of a methodology for monitoring impacts…
Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) This study establishes only sustainability indicators for each scope, and are set in relation to problems identified. JP LE MOIGNE
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Examples of indicators…
SCOPE PROBLEMS INDICATORS SOCIOCULTURAL Local identity and values Number of religious rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals. Number of rituals and products modified to meet the needs of tourists. Changes in clothing since the installation of tourism. Number of new words used by the local population. ECONOMY Economic activities Number of persons or families who are farming. Number of persons or families who do a livestock activity Number of persons or families who make larch tiles. Number of persons or families who are fishing. Number of persons or families making tourism. ENVIRONMENT Water supply Liters of water used in high season. Number of contaminated water sources. GOVERNANCE Lack of joint work Number of actions between municipalities Number of concrete work done by Sernatur. Amount of sessions made by the Advisory Board Number of projects between the state agencies.
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In conclusion… Territories include a large network of public and private partners who have a diversity of interests and perspectives, but also include a variety of economic activities that, taken together, make the tourism development a challenge. This difficulty increases when territories are indigenous and contain ecosystems with high biological value and even more if they are located in remote and isolated areas. Actors have different expectation and point of views on tourism, which affect (negatively) tourism development in the territory. There is a parallel work between different institutions (actors) in the territory. In addition, the relationships between different actors is complicated, and has a direct (negative) impact on the governance and sustainable tourism planning. JP LE MOIGNE
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Finally, this research leave some questions open…
Protected Areas What are the possibilities to create a large terrestrial – maritime protected area that be managed by communities? Marketing What is the disposal of Chilean tour operators and international agencies to sell Mapulahual? Heritage - Why these communities are identified with Mapuche - Huilliche ethnic, even when some locals are not Mapuche descendants? - What are the steps to be taken to recover this culture? JP LE MOIGNE
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Any question?... Thanks !!! JP LE MOIGNE
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